Purchase Process Model free essay sample

Identify and elaborate the three phases of purchase process model. Explain what happens during each stage. Consumer behaviour as individual, group, and organizational decisions as well as activities affected by intra and interpersonal variables that are involved in evaluating, acquiring, using and disposing of products, services, experiences, or ideas and the impact these processes have on consumer and society. There are three stages of model service consumption or also known as the consumer decision making process which are pre-purchase stage, service encounter stage and post-encounter stage. This is just a general model of the decision making process and it emphasizes that the buying decision making process starts before the actual purchase and continues even after the purchase. It also encourages the marketer to focus on the complete buying process and not just on the purchase decision. For the first stage, pre-purchase stage it includes awareness of need, information search, evaluation of alternatives and make decision on service purchase and often make reservation before any purchasing run. We will write a custom essay sample on Purchase Process Model or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Customers  recognize a problem as a awareness of need or want. Of course, the most frequent problem  occurs  when consumers realize they are out of the product then they will motivate to take action to resolve it. Customers search for information that is helpful in making a purchasing decision. They may get this information in one or in many ways whether involve deciding between different approaches to address the same problem. Customer information typically falls into four group which are personal, commercial, public and experience. Evaluating alternatives follows the information search. During this customer analyzes all objective and subjective attribute of available products. An illustration of objective criteria includes brand attribute and technical specification. Example of subjective attribute include list of alternatives, testing as well as personal experience. After considering all factors, customers rank attributes according to importance and use cut off criteria to make decision. Marketing professionals can influence customers by monitoring product and company reviews. Another way to influence is to ensure that brand is endowed with quality, great price or even reward program. Customers also compare products with respect to their various features and benefits. They may compare product brands, styles, sizes, colours, prices, and related services. They also compare products at various stores. The customer may also evaluate the importance of certain information. For many  customers,  perceived  reliability is extremely important. For others, price, ease of operation, related services or prestige may be paramount. Other information may be more important to customers when evaluating services. Customers generally evaluate goods and services by the features or benefits that are important to them.

Gun Privacy essays

Gun Privacy essays The article I chose is about a Gun privacy case that the Supreme Court is debating whether the government can withhold information on some gun purchases and crimes, including details of database checks like those used to track weapons in the sniper case. Bush and the National Rifle Associations believe if that by releasing this information to individuals, it will be invading peoples privacy. Whether this case wins or loses, the chances are that either way it would not prevent crime or control guns in the United States. Gun control is an action of the government to reduce crime. So many laws have passed and still there has been no effect. So whether the government releases the information from gun owners to individuals, it still would not be effective. Gun control has been an issue for years and there is no right or wrong answer. We as individuals should have a right to own and possess a gun to a certain instinct. For instance, the Brady Act, which stops criminals from purchasing guns. It should be only certain criminals because what if someone was convicted for drinking and driving, should he or she be able to own a gun? Yes, because if they do not purchase the gun correctly, they will find someone off the street who will sell them one illegally. It is better to have it done correctly, so there information can be put in the computer. While banning guns and releasing in formation from individuals will not prevent guns from society, it only takes more freedom from Americans. Guns do not kill people, people kill people. In Chapter 12, it talks about whether the National Rifle Association is too powerful or influential? In my opinion, no, I agree that a person who owns a gun should not be held responsible for others who use guns unlawful. There will be a time that an individual will use a gun for self-defense, due to many crimes in the United States. These individuals should not have their guns taken ...

International relations major Personal Statement

International relations major - Personal Statement Example Saudi Arabia ranks among the fastest developing countries, which experience high rates of migration to different parts of the world. In addition, the country’s relationship with other nations is at its peak due to various factors such as the terror war, oil trade, politics, and sports. The issue of Islam and terrorism, as well as the position of women in the Saudi Arabian public, is essential motivators to study International Relations. These aspects of the society have motivated me to study the subjects in order to understand the influence of reaction, interactions and actions of governments’ policies on humanity. I firmly accept that an influential and so far-reaching subject warrants a critical understanding and analysis at higher levels. My elementary and high school education prepares me adequately to study International Relations. I received broad education in various subjects such as mathematics, literature, and history as well as politics. The extensive knowledge in many subjects enables me to communicate effectively with individuals from different parts worldwide during the course of the degree. Additionally, my singing ability enables me to disseminate information regarding various political and economic issues in Arab. The motivation to sing triggers me to explore current political, economic and social events across the world. My main educational goal is to attain a doctorate in International Relations in order to establish a stable career in the field. The motivation to enroll for the International Relations courses results from the knowledge I have acquired through extensive reading of different political materials since childhood. In addition, my dad bought political books, and historical books play a significant role in my interests in the subject. I also engaged my father in extensive discussion of the current issues in various countries such as international politics and crisis in gulf and Palestine. I anticipate

Management in context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management in context - Essay Example The Impact of E-Business on Pizza Hut The significant impact of the fast pace in technological development is seen in the way contemporary organizations operate and manage their business. Some business enterprises need to redesign their policies, systems and procedures to adapt to the demands of the times. The onset of the internet paved the way for changes in strategies in the marketing mix of companies in order to sustain the future requirements of the organization given their resources and competitive advantages. The proliferation of e-business, for example, required organizations to adjust and accommodate policies on information management systems consistent with organizational mission, goals, and plans. One of the organizations that actively accommodated e-business solutions and strategies in their management system is Pizza Hut. It is in this regard that the research is undertaken to analyze the key implications of e-business on some aspects or function of Pizza Hut and evaluat e how this has impacted on the way it is managed. ... being addressed within Pizza Hut and how this impacts on the way it is managed; and (4) a presentation of conclusions and recommendations, as deemed appropriate. E-Business at Pizza Hut Net essence defines e-business as â€Å"using the internet to connect with customers, partners, and suppliers. But the term also implies the transformation of existing business processes to make them more efficient† (Net essence, n.d., par. 1). For Pizza Hut, e-business through online ordering has significantly increased their volume of sales in various strategic locations worldwide. In the UK, for example, the official website of Pizza Hut revealed that â€Å"since we launched www.pizzahut.co.uk in March 2007, our online sales have increased at an average rate of 25% per month - and this month we celebrated our millionth order placed through the website!† (Pizza Hut UK, 2008, par. 1). In Australia, the online ordering option was implemented in 2001 and has been found to be successful es pecially in the 18 to 24 years old age ranges who are frequent users of the internet (IBM, n.d.). Aside from online ordering options provided by e-business, Pizza Hut, through Aladdin’s eToken, â€Å"a fully portable USB authentication device, provides remote Pizza Hut UK users with a simple, yet strong method of protecting their digital identity. Replacing the organization's previous RSA SecureID solution, eToken heightens security while also streamlining the authentication process for users when remotely accessing networked data† (Fox, n.d., 1). This system uses a USB devise to authorized business managers from remote locations to access crucial information using a personal identification number. The e-business applications and solutions for Pizza Hut provide them with opportunities for sales generation

Analysis Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis Report - Assignment Example Both the staffs and students of any institution seem to neglect the importance of internet in their lives and studies and official works are carried out by the means of paper work. However after the invention of internet, many schools/colleges have switched to an automated environment, still it’s necessary on the parts of the students to know why internet seems to be so vital. Thus the students will be assigned with the task of data gathering by the application of internet and this could be done by involving them in a group project where the objective would be to gather data about the usage of internet in various regions within their locality. Each group would be assigned with one region of their choice where they would have to present data on the following- The objective of the task is to make the students realize the capabilities of internet and implement the same in their further academic projects. The instructional issues would also get resolved once they get familiarized with the internet and its utilities. The task would be conducted in an environment comprising both the classroom activities and the field job. The field job would include visiting the households or the corporate houses for deriving more reliable data and then properly tabulate the data so that it becomes easier for the evaluator to understand the study. They can also collect the data via some sites that offer trends and statistics related to internet usage (Internet World Stats, 2013). The class activity would include analyzing the data collected through various statistical tools and representing those in a simple manner. Internet is regarded by most of people belonging to the younger generation, as a channel for entertainment. However, Internet also serve various purpose like it can offer an individual a chance to explore what is going on in the entire world just staying at the comfort of their home.

Facilities Available To Small Medium Enterprises In Mauritius Economics Essay

Facilities Available To Small Medium Enterprises In Mauritius Economics Essay Small and Medium Enterprises have been given differing definitions around the globe. Some countries refer to the number of employees as their distinctive criteria, some to the amount of invested capital in the business, and others a combine the amount of annual turnover, capital employed and type of industry. The definition of SMEs in Mauritius has evolved throughout the past years. According to the Small Scale Industry Act of 1988, a Small Enterprise is one which is engaged in manufacturing1 and which uses production equipment, the aggregate CIF value of which does not exceed Rs 500,000. The Industrial Expansion Act 1993 defines SMEs as enterprises which : are engaged in manufacturing use production equipment, the CIF value of which does not exceed Rs 10 m With time, came the Small and Medium Industry and Development Authority Act (SMIDO Act 1993) according to which SMEs are defined in terms of the size of capital employed and was an extension to the SSI Act 1988 definition. SMEs are defined as enterprises engaged in manufacturing and using production equipment in their manufacturing process which includes transformation/conversion of raw materials, repair, packing, assembly of semi-finished parts into finished goods. The production equipment refers to equipment directly related to production. Such value of production should not exceed Rs 5 million (SMIDO Act 1993). A revision of this definition by the SMIDO Act 1998 altered the value of production of Rs 5m to Rs 10m. Worth pointing out in those definitions quoted above that they consider only the manufacturing sector. Thus for this study, the most appropriate definition found was that of the SMEDA Act, which includes enterprises in all economic sectors, and so as to avoid sector specific criteria, turnover criteria is being used across sectors. Therefore, the SMEDA Act defines : Small enterprises as those who have an annual turnover of not more than 10 million MUR, and Medium Enterprises as those with an annual turnover of more than 10 million MUR but not more than 50 million MUR. 1. Manufacturing : transformation for commercial purposes of raw materials or semi-processed materials into finished or semi-finished goods including the repair, packaging and assembly of inputs into finished or semi-finished goods. For the study, both small and medium enterprises will be considered. Contribution of SMEs SMEs are the largest group of industrial units in most developing countries and make a significant contribution to manufacturing output and employment (Wignaraja 2003, p.2). According to the Organisation for Economic Coorperation and Development (OECD), factors such as a countrys economic patterns, social and cultural dimensions are reflected though their SMEs. Storey (1994) points out that small firms, no matter how they are defined, make up the bulk of enterprises in all economies around the world. The latter half of the last century has witnessed widespread roles SMEs and this cannot, in any way, be understated (Bygrave, 1994;Timmons,1994). On the issue of job creation, Andrew Stone (World Bank, 1997, Facts About Small business 1997) said that SMEs create more employment than large enterprises and with a lower investment per job created. To the layman, it is clear that creation of a Small and Medium enterprise is synonymous to job creation and economic growth. This fact is indeed not false. The positive link between SMEs and employment creation, poverty alleviation, and economic growth is universally acknowledged (Beyenne, 2000). In several countries, particularly in East Asia, they are the driving force of the economy. For instance, in Hong Kong, SMEs account for over 98% of the total establishments and provide job opportunities to about 1.3 million persons, about 60% of total employment.4 According to the Strategic Industrial and SMEs Plan 2010-2013, the emergence of SMEs in the Mauritius has contributed significantly to employment, output and entrepreneurship development within the industrial sector. The last census of the Central Statistical Office carried in 2007 reveals that there are around 91 980 small enterprises operating in Mauritius, an increase of about 22% from the 2002 figure of 74, 928. The survey also showed an increase of 18.8 % in the number of persons engaged by these institutions, from 175, 791 in 2002, to 208,797 in 2007, representing approximately 40% of employment. Furthermore, contribution to the Gross Domestic Product was 20%. 2. Currently the body regulating SMEs in Mauritius replacing the SEHDA 3. Mauritian SME Portal 4. Mauritian SME portal 5. CSO survey 2007 SMEs which are registered with the SMEDA2 and which will be under scrutiny in this study are categorised into 12 sectors as at 2010, namely, Food and Beverages, Leather and Garments, Wood and Furniture, Paper products and Printing, Chemical, Rubber and plastic, Handicrafts, Pottery and Ceramic, Jewellery and Related Items, Fabricated Metal Products, Profession/Vocation/Occupation, Trade and Commerce, Business Support Service Sector, Others.3 These total to around 6421 enterprises. Objectives of the study Having explained the various definitions of Small and Medium Enterprises and pointed out their importance and contribution to the Mauritian economy, it is now clear that these institutions play a key role in our country. Enterprises in developing countries, including Mauritius are facing far more competitive environments in this fast moving technological world (World Bank,1999). They are offered various facilities to start their business as well as to continue and also expand. Among those facilities we find financing, training, business counseling, marketing, information technology and export incentives. These are available with a view of better performance from these enterprises and also to make them more cost effective, produce better products in terms of design, quality and reliability to thus be able to compete with not only larger companies on the local market but also on the foreign market. Now, with the creation of many support institutions such as the Small and Medium Enterpr ises Development Authority (SMEDA), National Women Entrepreneur Council (NWEC), Human Resources Development Council (HRDC), Enterprise Mauritius (EM), Mauritius Employers Federation (MEF), Development Bank of Mauritius (DBM), Mauritius Business Growth Scheme (MBGS) which see to it that SMEs lack in nothing to operate, the latter have to take full advantage of these conveniences and also make the best use of them and thus reduce waste of resources. The main aim of this study is to analyse whether these facilities are being given in the right amount, too much, or too little in assistance of SMEs. Other objectives are as follows: Assess whether SMEs are taking full advantage of these facilities. Consider whether proper use is being made of aid and there is minimum waste of resources Investigate which of these facilities are more important for the creation and sustenance of SMEs 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 A look at the need for facilities It is now recognised that Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) make a significant contribution to the socio-economic and political infrastructure of developed and developing countries as well as the nations in transition from command to market economies (Matlay and Westhead 2005). Harper (1998) notes that the relative and absolute importance of small enterprises has grown enormously over the last twenty years; this real growth has been matched by appreciation of their role. SMEs were once considered as mere stepping stones to real business, but now they are being viewed as being a vital contributor to the income and development of people. It therefore follows that countries should be ready to help those businesses which come forward with viable projects in terms of providing aid such as finance, marketing, training, adoption of new technologies, export incentives and business counseling. Furthermore, it is also expected from these business units to make full use of such incentiv es being provided to them, usually at lower cost. A look at those incentives will show that while necessary, some are difficult to obtain and some are not used optimally even though they are available much easily. Below, is a detailed look at all the facilities that will be covered in the study. 2.2.1 Financing Importance of finance Financing is one of the most important success factors of any business, and Small and Medium Enterprises are no exception. Financing helps them set up and expand their operations, develop new products, and invest in new staff or production facilities. Many small businesses are created by one or two people, who might start by investing their own money and/or taking loans from friends and family, or loans from financial institutions. After some time in operation, if they are successful, there comes a time when they will feel the need to expand (OECD, 2006). Therefore, finance being the backbone of all firms, it should be accorded much attention. SMEs are today considered by many countries to be of a key importance to the growth of their economy in terms of GDP contribution and also job creation. It therefore follows that these institutions should be having no difficulties in finding funds to not only start their enterprise, but also for sustenance and growth. However, according to the United Nations, the lack of financial assistance is a persistent problem and it is the most serious barrier to SME growth and expansion. Available funds are often diverted to the larger enterprises and only an insignificant number of SMEs seem able to attract bank financing (UN, 1993). Westhead and Wright (2000) state that the absence of adequate funding represents a major obstacle to the entrepreneurial process in a firm regardless of size, location or type of economic activity. Some life style entrepreneurs can satisfy their small firms financial needs by requesting loans from their families, friends or acquaintances (Hussain and Matlay, 2007). Typically, however, it remains a fact that the vast majority of growth oriented SMEs rely on long-term funding made available by banks, financial institutions or venture capitalists. Research has shown that banks hesitate in giving finance aid to small businesses. Pasadilla (2010, p.7) pointed out that banks, in both normal and crisis period, usually give priority to low-risk borrowers like large enterprises with profitable investments and sound collateral (ADBI Working Paper 2010, p.7). Banks may avoid providing financing to certain types of SMEs, in particular, start ups and very young firms that typically lack sufficient collateral, or firms whose activities offer the possibilities of high returns but at a substantial risk of loss (OECD 2006, p.3). The lack of collateral being a prime reason for SMEs not obtaining finance, another rationale is that banks might still prefer to grant loans to large and less risky companies rather than SMEs. Additionally information asymmetries and inappropriate business plans might also be considerable factors resulting in little or no access to finance.*(Asia Pacific Environmental innovation strategies APEIS 2004). However, as Cosh and Hughes (2003) point out, banks remain the main supplier of external SME finance, though there may be various financing constraints. The main source of finance to SMEs are bank loans. For example, in the UK, the most predominant way of financing small businesses remains bank loans (D.Irwin and J.Scott 2009, p.2) As a response to the lack of collateral issue, countries might come up with Loan Guarantee schemes by either public or private sector. The main aim of such a scheme is to encourage financial institutions to offer finance to SMEs. Under this scheme, the government provides a guarantee to the lending banks on specific types of loans to potentially viable SMEs (National Economic Research Associates, 1990). In return, SMEs pay a premium to the government. Moreover, there are also collateral free schemes to alleviate the problem of lack of collaterals. In this scheme, the SMEs are not required to provide any guarantee at all. In India, SIDBI, UNIDO and Indian Institute for Rural Development (IIRD) have successfully implemented this kind of scheme (APEIS, 2004) Leasing also shows up as an attempt to avoid collaterals. The lessor will remains owner of the asset and the lessee will be required to pay amounts at regular intervals for the use of the leased equipment, vehicle, or any other asset on lease. At the end, the asset can be sold at a minimum price to the lessee. Indeed, leasing is a very common way of financing assets in many countries. Other means of obtaining finance can be through Equity financing, that is issuing shares to meet long term capital need, Overdraft where SMEs will be allowed to withdraw money in excess of their actual bank balance, however they will be faced with rather high interest rates Mutual Guarantee Scheme which as stated the Commission of the European Communities, give a collective guarantee for appropriations provided to their members, who in return contribute to raise the equity and participate in the management of the mutual society 2.2.2 Training Training has been defined as a planned and systematic effort to modify or develop knowledge, skills and attitudes through learning experiences, to achieve effective performance in an activity or a range of activities (Garavan et al, 1997). It has been advocated as essential for every job (Tyler, 2005) and SMEs make use of training facilities to varying extents and varying success. Training certainly brings about learning experience which has for aim to improve a persons ability to perform a job. Traditionally, it focuses on technical knowledge, skills and abilities to complete current tasks (Treven, 2003). When trained, SMEs will attain a higher knowledge of not only the product they are developing but also about issues like how to be abreast to better technology, how to approach people for example suppliers, clients, employees with better tact through human resources training. Furthermore, training provided to employees will increase the quality of labour employed in the product mak ing. The British Chamber of Commerce (2007) points out that with proper training scheme, SMEs will be able to preserve their staff. Training to SMEs can be : For the potential entrepreneur For employees of the enterprise Geared towards product development Adoption of new technology, for example moving from manual system to computerized For owners on human resource management On financial issues, e.g. costing, investment appraisal, budgeting and forecasting How to market the product However, according to Stanworth and Gray (1992), there has been an identification of industry effects and size effects in responsiveness to training; with very small firms being least interested in providing employee training. Size and industry in which the SMEs operate can indeed play an important role in whether the SMEs train or not. Small sized companies will be least interested in providing training for factors such as financial issues, and also due to practical considerations. For example, as Kailer (1988) states, SMEs might be reluctant to release employees to attend training interventions. Furthermore, training provided may be too general and not of specific relevance to the SME, resulting in the sector providing fewer training interventions (Westhead and Storey, 1996). Other disincentives that SMEs might face into not providing training is the little potential that these enterprises have in offering higher pay, and they are less equipped to provide internal promotions for employees. As Westhead and Storey (1996) argue, such characteristics, when combined with the resultant increased risk that employees may be poached lead to lower instances of SME training. Moreover, SMEs are often not aware of the training needs of their enterprise. They do not have the proper staff to analyse such need and advise them into providing some training. As a result, SMEs provide more informal*refers to mostly on the job training, tutoring and mentoring than formal* training in a systematic approach, more like seminars, grouping targeted trainees under one roof. training. Many SMEs admit that their training provisions are informal but are of the opinion that only formal training is real training (Curran,2000). However, very often due to financial constraints, SMEs prefer other forms of training. A study* Training needs and human resource development analysis of SMEs in Mauritius by the European Commission for the Human Resources Development Council of Mauritius in 2008 showed that of the 300 SMEs which interviewed, only 35 % trained on a regular basis and were aware of the training grants operated by the HRDC, and of these, only 31 % have used it. These SMEs tended to adopt in-house training. Reasons stated for training were mainly for business development and because of the company policy and reasons not to train included the reluctance of specialised skills, and the fact that the employees were already qualified. It was also found that there were significant differences between those enterprises that provided training on a regular basis and those which did not. A positive link was found between the propensity to grow and propensity to train. To encourage SMEs to train more, government can provide incentives, such as free training or financial aid, help to cope with labour shortages and hiring difficulties and provision more information to create better awareness. In central and eastern Canada, an important tool to promote training in small businesses is the provision of information about the courses and setting up of additional government programs (Andreea Dulipovici, 2003) 2.2.3 Marketing Literature of marketing Marketing is a vital and indispensable business activity for all types of organizations that create and offer products of value Marketing in Mauritius 2.2.4 ICT and SMEs For countries in the vanguard of the world economy, the balance between knowledge and resources has shifted so far towards the former that knowledge has become perhaps the most important factor determining the standard of living more than land, than tools, than labour. Todays most technologically advanced economies are truly knowledge-based. World Development Report, 1999 As the global economy becomes increasingly reliant on information and communications technology (ICT) to receive, process, and send out information, small businesses do not have to be left out. Adoption of the latest technology or at least basic tools of ICT helps small enterprises to better merge with the developing economy, and operate more cost effectively. It can help SMEs create business opportunities, combat pressures from competition and improve their products through faster communication with their clients and marketing of products online. In 2000, an organization that used paper took on average 7.4 days to move a purchase from request to approval, but if done electronically, only took 1.5 days (Cassidy, 2002) UNESCAP and UNDP-APDIP have collaborated extensively to help formulate strategic policies and building the necessary environment to encourage SMEs take advantage of the Internet to create business opportunities in Asia and the Pacific. Many countries such as India, Republic of Korea, and Taiwan have created suitable environments to ensure that SMEs are well positioned to capture emerging business opportunities in terms of better technology. India, for example, offered relief from import duties for IT hardware, tax deductions for income earned form software exports, and tax holidays, and developed infrastructure in Software Technology Parks*A strategic review of the software industry in India 1998-1999. At the outset it is not necessary that all SMEs need to adopt ICT tools to the same degree of sophistication (UNDP,2007). The relationship between ICT and SMEs starts on a ground as simple as the use of a telephone to contact suppliers, clients. A fixed line or a mobile phone will do, whichever is more cost effective. Another most common tool used is of course the Personal Computers (PCs). The latter are very helpful for simple information processing needs such as producing texts, writing letters, keeping track of accounting items using basic software. PCs can also be used to access the Internet for more advanced communications capabilities such as email, file sharing, creating websites, searching for information, Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP)* 30% of Skypes*VoIP programme used to communicate via the internet. Worldwide subscribers are primarily SMEs, and e-commerce. Electronic commerce has been defined as the process of buying and selling goods and services electronically through computerized business transactions using the Internet, networks and other digital technologies (Lauden and Lauden, 2000). It also encompasses activities supporting market transactions such as advertising, marketing, customer support, delivery and payment. ICT oriented SMEs might use advanced Information Technology software such as Enterprise Resource Planning*offers a single repository for information on all business functions. which can capture cost savings, or SCM software which helps increase productivity, efficiency of inventory controls, and increase sales through closer relationships and faster delivery times. These allow SMEs to better coordinate their business, especially if the latter is growing and diversifying. The extent to which ICT will be adopted in SMEs will depend on the size of the business, on the benefits its adoption is planned to bring, on the ICT capacity of the SME and its employees and also on the financing capabilities. Despite the advantages that adoption of ICT demonstrates, many SMEs do not make use of it. For example, 90% of Thai SMEs still use basic communication technology such as fixed phone line and fax, and only 1% use CRM software. In Malaysia, only 30% of the local SMEs have their own website, and not all of them are updated regularly. Fuller(1993) points out that despite the number of benefits to be gained from technology, based on the users perspective ,SMEs adopt technology according to their self assessments of how the new technologies will change bottom line profitability. 2.2.5 Business counselling and access to information 2.2.6 Export Incentives 2.3 Support institutions As Wignaraja and Oneil (1999) argue, for the size of the country and its stage of development, Mauritius has a particularly wide range of support services for the SME sector. The availability of such support is mainly ensured by the Government, parastatal bodies and financial institutions. Below is a deeper look at those institutions in Mauritius. 2.3.1 The Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority Looking back at the historical background of institutions supporting SMEs in Mauritius, we find the creation of the Small Industry Unit (SSIU), established under the aegis of the then Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The SSIU became the Small Industry Development Organisation (SIDO) in 1983. 10 years later, the Small and Medium Industry Development Organisation was set up for further development of the SME sector in Mauritius. The SMIDO later merged with the National Handicraft Promotion Agency (NHPA) to form the Small Enterprises and Handicraft Development Authority (SEHDA), whose main aim was to provide support to potential and existing SMEs. More recently (date needed) the SEHDA was replaced by the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority. It is an agency of the Government that has aims like supporting and facilitating the development of entrepreneurship and SMEs in Mauritius. Apart from providing a range of services to the SME sector, SMEDA tries to sensitise the population, through workshops and seminars organized throughout the country, about The benefits of entrepreneurship Key issues/steps to consider and, procedures to follow when starting a business, and Facilities and resources provided by the SMEDA and other support institutions Services offered by the SMEDA Ease of Financing The SMEDA works in collaboration with the DBM to offer some financing aid to SMEs. In fact, DBM is the bank through which the Government provides finance at lower costs to SMEs. The SMEDA along with the bank provides a Booster (Micro Credit) Loan with a maximum amount of Rs 150, 000 at an interest charge of 9% per annum. No collateral is needed, but the entrepreneurs signing up for that loan need to provide a general floating charge as security. For this kind of loan, there is no need to submit a business plan. This amount is provided for the purchase of equipment and raw materials. The loan is repayable within 5 years and applies to enterprises in manufacturing, handicraft, trade, ICT and agriculture. Another loan is provided for an amount not exceeding Rs 40, 000, interest charge of 8.5 % per annum The SMEDA also provides grants under the Aegis of the Government Moreover DBM offers other financing schemes such as : The Business Development Loan scheme this applies to Manufacturing, Trade and Service, Transport, ICT, Tourism, Art and participation in overseas trade fairs and surveys. Business Counselling and Facilitation SMEDA helps potential entrepreneurs to prepare a business plan in order for them to secure financing from institutions, mainly the DBM. A Business Plan is one where the potential investor will lay down the description of his thought business and its plans for the next one to three years. It shows what the selected market of the product will be, and also indicates the finance available and what will be needed more to implement the project. As far as business counselling is concerned, potential entrepreneurs SMEDA provides advice about different issues such as discussing and finalizing their business idea. Also, not well-informed entrepreneurs obtain help on issues such as registering of the business, and other steps to follow in establishing their enterprise. Existing entrepreneurs are counselled about the difficulties they come up with, and how to take their business to the next level. SMEDA has also come up with an incubator system which helps entrepreneurs who lack physical space to carry on a project, given that the project is a viable one. The incubator is situated at the head office, in Coromandel. Information and Documentation A website has been recently created to help existing and potential businesspersons in their quest of running a business. This facility helps the cited persons to gather any information they need to set up a business, advice on market research, business plans, importance of financing and financing schemes, training schedules and locations, marketing and fairs organised, articles published by local as well as international bodies, online forms, support institutions are provided online. The site is as follows http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/smeportal/index.htm. Furthermore, there is the Documentation Centre which gives access to entrepreneurs and the general public to a collection of books, journals, magazines, project files and reports on various sectors. Training 2.3.2 Chapter 3 : Research methodology

Search for national identity Essay -- essays research papers

The Search For National Identity Nationalism is the attitude members of a nation have when they care about their national identity. Nationalism can also be the love of a country and the willingness to make sacrifices for it. Just as a person’s identity is affected by other people and the events in their life, a nation is affected the same way. There have been many people and events that have affected the national identity of America. There were two Awakenings that spread different aspects of American thought. The first Awakening brought a change in the style of preaching. The new style that took hold was passionate and fiery, characterized by preachers giving detailed descriptions of the fate of those headed to eternal punishment in hell. Jonathan Edwards was one of the leaders of the first Awakening. Edward’s involvement in the Awakening started when he delivered a series of fiery sermons against Arminianism. Those sermons told of eternal damnation of the people if they kept to their rebellious ways. ( Berkin pg.76), (RRAL pg 19) Charles Chauncy was the biggest opponent of the first Awakening. Chauncy’s writings denounced Edwards and the awakening. (RRAL pg. 26) The Awakening was a counter to the Age of Enlightenment, in that it reaffirmed the thinking that the heart is greater than the mind, and that intellect cannot be relied upon. (Berkin pg. 75) Emotional revival meetings characterized the second Great Awakening in American. Those revival meetings would last for five days at a time. Revival attendees would listen to preachers in the evening and study during the daytime. The meetings would draw up to twenty-five thousand people. (Berkin pg. 76) People didn’t only come to here the preaching, they also came for social purposes. People got a chance to talk and trade with other people. This Awakening called for a return to God and Godly living. Church attendance increased during the Awakening. Attempts to limit alcohol and abolish slavery also came as a result of the second Awakening, as did the rise of the American Bible Society. The Society sent out missionaries to spread the Word of God, and increase the distribution of Bibles. (RRAL pg. 60) In combination, these Awakenings increased the recognition of God’s presence and the direction of individual lives, as well as the life of the Nation. Westward expansion has also dramatically influenced the shape of ... ...bolition of slavery. He wrote and spoke out against the institution of slavery. (RRAL pg. 101) Inventions like the cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney, helped lessen the need for slaves, but did not completely end the practice. When slavery was prohibited, it caused a dramatic change in America. America’s identity was then enhanced with the notion that everyone is equal. The equality of people is prevalent in today’s society. While the first and second Great Awakenings increased America’s recognition of God’s role in our Nation, Manifest Destiny motivated Americans to pursue their dreams and seek adventure, and the abolition of slavery enhanced the national belief in equality -- reminding us that no one person is better than any other person, the times that we are going through right now may be changing the way people, in one hundred years, will view America’s identity. America’s decisions do not only affect us in the here and now, but wi ll affect the future citizens of America. That is why it is so important for Christians to vote and express their opinions. If we are to maintain our national Identity, we need leaders who value it, honor it, and have the integrity to protect it.

A study of the famous Bob Dylan song “Mr.Tamborine Man” Essay

Why Mr. Tambourine Man is A Modern Classic The most obvious and popular interpretation of Bob Dylan’sMr. Tambourine Man is that the song is about drugs. This makes sense, as it was against the law to write songs about drugs in the 1960s when ‘Mr. Tambourine Man’ was composed. The metaphors are simple: ‘Mr. Tambourine Man’ is the drug-dealer. â€Å"Take me on a trip upon your magic swirling ship†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is asking the drug-dealer for the drugs, and then the lyrics go on to describe the physical effects on the body after consuming hallucinogens: â€Å"My senses have been stripped My hands can’t feel to grip My toes too numb to step. . .† Another obvious reference to drug-taking comes from the fourth verse, â€Å"Take me disappearing through the smoke rings of my mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The smoke rings relating literally to drugs being smoked, and the last line of the last verse, also if taken literally, relates to escaping from the realities of life by using drugs: â€Å"Let me forget about today until tomorrow†. However, this interpretation does not explain some of the vivid imagery used throughout the song where it is not easy to draw parallels between drugs and the image, for example, â€Å"The haunted frightened trees†. This phrase could be written about the emotional state of the drug user, and by embuing those emotions onto something else the surreal atmosphere already invoked in the earlier passages is heightened. In the second and third verses there are several lines expressing suprise at feeling fatigued: â€Å"My weariness amazes me† and how the body is also tired: â€Å"my toes too numb t o step.† Bob Dylan said himself â€Å"Drugs never played a part in that song†¦ ‘†¦disappearing through the smoke rings of my mind†¦.’, that’s not drugs, drugs were never a big thing with me.† This leads me to believe that the song is indeed about something other than drugs. Some analysts have written about the song as an expression of freedom. One clear example of a phrase  that expresses a sense of freedom is, â€Å"To dance beneath the diamond sky with one hand waving free/ Silhouetted by the sea†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This image strongly evokes the idea of someone living freely, both literally, dancing a beach, and the connotations that the sea and the sky provide here, of openess and liberty. There are several references to ‘escaping’, for example, â€Å"I’m ready to go anywhere†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"†¦but for the sky there are no fences facing† which means that the sky is the limit, â€Å"†¦just escaping on the run† and again â€Å"Let me forget about today until tomorrow.† These lines fit with the freedom theme: escaping to achieve freedom. But forgetting about today until tomorrow seems only a temporary escape, bringing the back the idea about drugs. It has also been suggested that Mr. Tambourine Man is a poem about transcendence, or reaching enlightenment. Some people see Bob Dylan himself as Mr. Tambourine Man, and he does â€Å"Cast [his] dancing spell† through the magical and fantastic imagery of swirling ships and trips into one’s own mind. I believe that the song could be about all of these ideas, and the importance of one in particular relating only to the mood of the listener. This is an important reason for stating that Mr. Tambourine Man is a classic: The lyrics provide the possibility to understand the song in different contexts by different listeners. The ideas differ between people, some finding freedom in Dylan’s song, some feeling like they are under a spell when listening to the light repetitive tune and figurative language. The cleverness of the language is that people can read almost anything into it, the most basic example being Mr. Tambourine Man, who can be seen as anything from a drug-dealer to a religious man to Bob Dylan himself. Another reason that the song has such a hallucinogenic feeling is the structure of the song. The verses are made up of what appears to be many individual concepts put together, like a dream, giving a surreal effect. The reference to Ozymandius and crumbling empires furthers the dream-like quality of the words.

Organizational Psychology Essays - Behavioural Sciences, Free Essays

Organizational Psychology Essays - Behavioural Sciences, Free Essays Organizational Psychology Organizational Psychology Organizational psychology differs from traditional psychology. Organizational psychology focuses on the group aspect of psychology and goes a bit further. While focusing on groups organizational psychology also looks at each person in a group to help solve problems. ?Organizational psychology is a field that utilizes scientific methodology to better understand the behavior of individuals working in organizational settings? (Jex & Britt, 2008, p. 1). This paper will define organizational psychology, explain the role of research and statistics in organizational psychology, and describe how organizational psychology can be used within organizations. Organizational psychology plays an important role to any organization that exists. Organizational Psychology Organizational psychology is defined as ?The study of the structure of an organization and of the ways in which the people in it interact, usually undertaken in order to improve the organization? (Farlex, 2012). Organizational psychology is normally done in a formal group setting, which evaluates both the group setting as well as individual people. Organizations have a set of values that employees are expected to abide by without the set of values employees would just do their own things, and the job would not get done (Jex & Britt, 2008). Roles of Research and Statistics Research and statistics play an important role of any organization. Research is done to find the best method of action that an organizational psychologist should take to correct an action. According to Jex and Britt, ?organizational psychologists often us systematic research methods to provide organizational decision makers with information regarding employees attitudes? (2008, p. 21, para. 2). Research and statistics provide answers for organization. Without research and statistics questions could not be answered. There are different types of data collection methods that assist with research and statistics these different data collection methods are observational, archival data, survey research, and experimentation. First is an observational method, which is used to study the behavior of employees in organizations. Data is collected by observing employees in the workplace and recording the observations. Observation is a simple way of collecting data, employees act as if they would on any normal work day accurate information can be obtained. Second is archival data. Archival data is using the records that the organization already has on hand about the employees. This allows an organizational psychologist to look back and reflect on any employee?s history and correct behavioral or work related problems. Third is survey research. Survey research is the most common form of research. Survey research asks the employees about their past behaviors, or actions in the workplace. Survey research can also be done to test different theories in the workplace to see what works best within the workplace. Fourth is experimentation. Experimentation is highly controlled and can give accurate results. There are three components that constitute a true experiment these components are manipulation of an independent variable and measurement of a dependent variable, second random experimental treatment conditions, and third maximum control (Jex Without data collection methods research could not be done within an organization therefore no statistics would be available about an organization. Organizational Psychology in Organizations Organizational psychology can be used in organizations in different ways. One way to use organizational psychology is to correct any issues that may have arisen with employees either with coworkers or with a member of management. Another way to use organizational psychology is to correct the way employees are working. Organizational psychology can help correct ones attitude towards the place of employment. Organizational psychology can help an organization become more successful. Organizations can also save money using organizational psychology because a professional has come into the organization and helped solve problems that may arise again in the near future. This saves the organization not only money but time as well. Organizational psychology also helps increase customer service when an organization is running successfully the customers notice and have a more pleasant experience dealing with the organization. Organizational psychologists can also help hire better people for the workplace, improve skills, eliminate harassment and discrimination, and foster a team environment (Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2012). Conclusion Organizational psychology is the focus of working with an organization or a group of people to solve problems that may arise within that group of

buy custom Health Education essay

buy custom Health Education essay Health education entails dispatching information, and development of skills, which empowers an individual to take action to address social, economic and environmental determinants of health. It is the role of the government to facilitate health education nationwide by financing, procurement and monitoring the necessary stakeholders. Government has a core role in maintaining the standards of health education by ensuring availability of competent workforce is in place. The government through the relevant department (health and human services) guarantees quality services by employing qualified candidates who are certified for the purpose of health education. Moreover, it monitors health status to identify community health issues in the country through epidemiological studies and surveillance. The government is supposed to establish the necessary policies in the health education. Through government campaign programs, the individuals can be mobilized to understand the importance of taking the role of health promotion for personal benefits. The government also develops laws and regulations to protect the citizens from illegal group giving adulterated health messages with an aim of making money. The mode of dispatching the health message, should be formulated and prescribe by the government to ensure that effectiveness and correct messages reach the citizens or the target group in time. The government has a role to ensure that health education services are available and accessible to all target groups without bias or discrimination. In collaboration with the research centers, the government plays a role of capacity building for community health. Local health department plays a major role in the delivery of health education. Among the services provided by the local government include; immunization services, control and prevention of communicable diseases, conducting community outreach and education programs, maintenance of food and nonfat hygiene, inspection of environmental sanitation. The U.S.A has several agencies that play a role in health education process they include; department of health and human services, department of education which help in incorporation of health education information in the curriculum, department of agriculture mostly involved in the campaign for food production, housing and urban development involved in the designing and certification for houses to enhance safety to inhabitants and department of justice that contribute in safeguarding the health rights. There are also independent agencies such as; Consumer Product safety Commission, Society for Public Health Education, American Public Health Association, Environmental Protection Agency and the Nation Science Foundation. The local government collaborates effectively with the local public health workers community health workers and other professional in the community level to improve the provision of the health education. Health education like many other programs has challenges that prevent the stakeholders to achieve their optimal best. The major challenge affecting health education is the political interferences where the laws makers fail to represent their voters on issues policy making but are more concern with of power struggle between the two major parties in USA. Lack of proper training on leadership in agencies participating in health education, inadequate resources to sail the programs through, poor strategic plans on emergency preparedness for threats such as chemical and biological terrorism, as well as the divergence off the population culture due to dual citizenship thus people introduce their respective cultures. The challenges can lead to failure to improve the health status of the targeted groups where they tend to really with medical, which is more of curing than prevention. It should be noted that well programmed health education could cut the medical expenses since it proactive and target adopting lifestyle that promotes health. Buy custom Health Education essay

Wireless Networks Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wireless Networks Communication - Research Paper Example In the recent past, last decade, wireless technology implementations have shifted the focus from the relatively small early adopters to a much larger group of organizations that use the technology to expand and comprehensively cover the networking capabilities and enhance their solicitation to their clientele. Majority of the existing organizations, commercial and non commercial, have in the very least installed wireless networks in their organizations. This comes in the form of simple open wireless technology with a wireless enabled switch, router etc. in a single room to rolling out large campus areas and few metropolitan area networks. Granted the continuing forecasts and advances for wireless technology applications, the era for implementing this technology in an organization is at hand. In order to have a successful wireless network implementation, different functional departments and divisions of a company must come together and support the effort. The already established playe rs, companies with the technology, have IT departments that have planned and designed the process as it would be expected. Beyond the IT personnel, which is by far a critical group, various other participants – customers, management, administrators, finance – are involved directly, with the stakeholders initiating the planning process (Sayre,2008). Whereas the practical requirements of the IT personnel largely influences the decisions in wireless technology implementation, organizations need make sure that the needs of other departments are also considered. The different factors cited as crucial in the decision to roll out wireless infrastructure must reflect the concerns and reservations of different departments and stakeholders in the business process (Rackley, 2008). The factors include, improved and more efficient network access, support for omnipresent network access, easier mobility for IT department and return on investment to the management of the company. Not all organizations may be able to address all stakeholders’ needs, but it is clear that having all stakeholders in the process is aesthetic. It is aesthetic in the sense that the technology will be well received by all users but only a few make the crucial decisions. The quality implementation standards of wireless technology are still developing. Dedicating all resources to a single approach in the early stages of planning for the network implementation can set the stage for untimely obsolescence. Determining the standards prior to moving to the technological implementation has to be moderated in the case of WLANS to allow for almost continued refinements. Currently, the largest share of (WLAN) organizations currently use the 902.11b standard for their networks; over half of those planning to go with the new networks are considering 802.11a. A small percentage of the upcoming are planning to implement Bluetooth, (PAN) Personal Area Network solutions. PCs are by tradition, on the heart of wireless enabled networks today. Considering this fact, it is also worth noting that the notebook PC is the device that is most commonly used in a wireless network connection. A large number of wireless networks, slightly over half, also support desktop workstations. Thinking beyond the PC is crucial in this day and age of wireless infrastructure. Personal digital assistants (PDAs), iPhones, and Wi-Fi enabled phones are most likely to be included in the mix since they support the wireless networks. Cell phones and PDAs aforementioned are far more mobile and portable than the traditional notebook computers. Clearly, WLANs have become far more cosmopolitan in the present technology. Considering thi

An empirical study on FDI, inward or outward Essay

An empirical study on FDI, inward or outward - Essay Example Irrespective of the form of FDI, they are quintessentially featured by the investor’s profit motives but are also characterised by attributes which contribute to the recipient nation’s economic growth (Nijkamp & Toth, 2006, p. 27). This is in fact the reason why developing nations all around the world are keen to attract FDI inflows which recuperates their resource crunch by a large extent. Saudi Arabia is also one of the nations which have recently understood the importance of foreign direct investment for a sustainable long term economic growth. This actually has stimulated the amount of FDI inflows within the nation from Middle-Eastern nations as well as non Middle-Eastern ones. Statistics recorded in the year 2010 state the total volume of FDI inflows in Saudi Arabia to equate almost US$ 5.8 billion. This has actually assisted in capital enhancement in the economy, a growth in productivity of factors as well as an improvement in employment opportunities within the e conomy (Ramady, 2010, p. 343). In addition, the nation is also involved in FDI outflows, which equally contributes to the nation’s development through returns on investment. ... The diagram underneath reflects the traits in gross FDI inflows in the economy between 2005 and 2009. It clearly shows a rising positive trend in the same in addition to a rise in the nation’s stock of capital being accumulated. However, despite the overall positive scenario, the gross volume of FDI inflows is found to have diminished between 2008 and 2009 even though it is a nominal one, amounting to US$ 2.7 billion. But one positive point about this negative difference is that it is much lower in magnitude compared to the magnitudes of rise in FDI inflows that the nation had been experiencing over the past few years. This very fact suggests a smoothening of fluctuation in the inflowing volumes of FDI which implies a softening of discrepancies. In fact, as far as the Government of Saudi Arabia has opined, the economy possesses immense potentials which could be employed in enticing more FDI. This is evident from the reduction or easing of annual differences in inflows and outf lows within and out of the economy (SAGIA, 2010, p. 2). Growth in the volume of FDI outflows is also found to be quite satisfactory as FDI inflows. This is evident from the diagram underneath which shows a consistent rise in FDI outflows between 2002 and 2005 even though the nation faced with considerable depreciation in 2006 (values in the diagram denominated in US$ billion). While, the fall in the FDI outflows during recent years could be regarded as a temporary fluctuation, the largely rising trend is assigned to hefty export revenues earned by GCC nations owing to a hike in oil prices (UNCTAD, 2007). As far as the statistics for the year 2006 are concerned, Saudi Arabia along with UAE and Egypt