Analyze an organizations media communication activities Essay Example for Free

Analyze an organizations media communication activities Essay The objective of this project is to analyze an organizations media communication activities. The work must use concepts, models, and theories to support and critical the companys website. It should be critically assess + evaluate and use strategy to analyze. The author should review it as a marketing professional specialist and knows how, when, and where the organization use digital media to communicate with its audience, customer, stakeholder, and public. Executive Summary: PO Cruises uses a maturity website to distribute and communicate (Fill, 2002). It is a fabulous website that uses a lot of tools from personal communications (PCs) to support their offline marketing (Hartley, 1999). Once customers surf its website, they could get information they need easily. The website becomes a distributed channel for the business. It is in the highest level of scenario 4 (Doren, 2000). Information on website is variety and useful that helps offline media and lures more customers to join the PO Cruises with rational exchange (Fill, 2002). PO Cruises Background PO Cruises is one of the cruises belonging to Carnival Corporation PLC. There are 13 distinct brands of cruises all over the world are operating by Carnival Corporation PLC; PO is one of them. PO is not as same as its name belongs to the PO group (Peninsula and Oriental steam Navigation Company); for it was demerged into Carnival public limited company on 23 October 2000, and has changed its name to Carnival Public limited company on 17 April 2003. PO Cruises now is the largest premium cruise brand in the United Kingdom. See the list as below. Carnival Corporation Princess Cruises Carnival plc PO Cruises were belong to Ocean Village PO Princess. Swan Hellenic Cruises plc AIDA PO Cruises Australia Carnival Cruise Lines Holland America Line Windstar Cruises Seabourn Cruise Line Costa Cruises Cunard Line AROSA Main Report: Marketing mix Product PO Cruises currently owns four types of ships Aurora, Oriana, Oceana and Adonia. Each of them gives different atmosphere and personality to customers. They are service, facility and quality oriented. Mostly, customers who are attracted to join PO Cruises are through travel agencies to get tickets no matter a set of schedule or connections with flights or another cruise. If customers who are interested in PO Cruises, PO Cruises also use different brochures to introduce its products to them. PO Cruises builds a marvelous introduction of its products on the website. There is a column of their ships in directories of its website introducing each of ships details by clicking any icon of them (Chaffey, 2000). There are also other links connecting to these four ships that makes customers easily check to PO Cruises ships (main products) whenever they want. The website builds a good cognitive environment to customers who are like ship, boat, cruise, and adventure. Most fantastically, customers could find what each deck looks like by 360i panoramic tour. After customers learn about these ships, they enable to feel more about these ships by fun stuff sector, which involved games, videos, and pictures (screensaver and wallpapers) to addict customers affective (Fill, 2002). Promotion PO Cruises is not a company which uses all of the marketing communication tools to communicate with its target audience, but it uses its promotion tools well to achieve its customer needs and to explore its market opportunities (Chaffey, 2000). 5 main elements of the promotional or communications mix of PO Cruises are analyzed as below (Fill, 2002): 1. Advertising (Off-line) PO Cruises has TV advertising displaying during summer time or the beginning of the year. Customers who havent seen the advertisement on TV could also enjoy the advertisement on PO Cruises website; to the Fun Stuff-Videos to view the version of its Sh-boom advertisement. Its an advertisement with affective (Fill, 2002). Besides TV advertising, PO Cruises posts its advertising on newspaper as well. (On-line). There are many agencies selling PO Cruises tickets on line; they help PO Cruises build a perfect advertisement system. If someone who is interested in cruises, they will easily find out the name of PO Cruises on many websites building by travel agencies. Customers are able to easily book a cruise through any ABTA travel agent; there are about 16 agents linking to PO Cruises and helping customers to book tickets in different areas. Although many websites all connecting to the name of PO Cruises, it is difficult for people who want to buy the ticket right through PO Cruises website. 2. Sales promotion (Off-line) (On-line) PO Cruises is targeted. It divides into consumers and the sales forces of both PO Cruises and its agents (Fill, 2002). The sales promotion PO Cruises uses is by the timing when customer book for their tickets. The earlier they book for cruises, the more discount they will have. It uses the method of price reductions to motive its sales in the early stage (Fill, 2002). PO Cruises also sets up the Portunus Club for customers who re-join to the PO Cruises. There are Ruby, Sapphire, and Gold tiers for different types of customers. Customers could get points for their discounts when they had joined the cruises and also discounts to any other consumption on the ship. The method builds customer royalty; it is referred to as a points accrual programme that helps the company keep customers loyalty for preventing them from moving to PO Cruises competitor (Fill, 2002). The Portunus Club has not only increased the amount of customers, but also maintained those current customers well (Raaij, 1998). 3. personal selling (Off-line) PO Cruises tickets are sold through personal selling or other travel agencies. Customers buying tickets can either from agencies or directly make a phone call to the PO Cruises as the telemarketing. It is a good method for the company itself uses lots of personal selling on promotes their ticket, for it is a method always interactive to customer and company. And Consumers may talk to and obtain answers from real persons or from machine interaction that helps PO Cruises directly being aware of what customers wants and what they need (Raaij, 1998). (On-line) On the website, customers who are interested in any trip and willing to join the tour could book on line by leaving the messages to the reservation team. Besides, its very easy for customers to find the ticket selling on website from different agencies in different areas, and then buy the ticket based on customer needs. 4. public relations (Off-line) The means of PR of PO Cruises is announcing news on newspapers. It mostly tells people about its schedules, timetables and its new ship or company information on travel pages or events column. PO Cruises owns a press center to run for its news. (On-line) Customers could also find out their news through news websites, travel agents or the websites connect to sailings, such as, what you need to about or scoop agents (two website names). Moreover, there are numbers of news PO Cruises showed to the public and listed on its own website. It is press centre in the company section. For people who are interested in to PO Cruises and want to know more about its reputation, besides company introduction, they could attain more information on this section. 5. direct marketing (Off-line) (On-line) PO Cruises uses direct marketing through ABTA agents and many other travel agencies where they sell cruises tickets. It connects to personal selling to use different types of tools to achieve the needs of customers. It uses e-mail (member confirm) and through post-mail (brochure sending) to directly send the information to customers. Â  Place PO Cruises, the Britains leading cruise operator, customer aboard its shipping at Southampton, UK or fly on a scheduled or PO Cruises charter flight to any of its 25 destinations all over the world. All ships cruise Europe in the summer, and in winter Aurora and Adonia embark on round the world cruises while Oceana and Oriana tour the Caribbean. Places are stabile in different places by annual schedules; depended on where customers plan to go abroad. The headquarters is in Southampton, but usually people usually book tickets at agencies instead of heading for PO Cruises office. If people who would like to book tickets online, they could go to www. pocruises. com or through links on any ABTA agents to buy tickets. Agents are viewed as the PO Cruises retailers. This method helps PO Cruises reach its sale targets by selling tickets to many other segments in different areas and places. The channel of its distribution is producer retailers consumers (Blythe, 1998). Price PO Cruises sets its price at the moment when customers buy tickets. The company uses different brochures to attract customer to join its cruises business. Customers could save as much as money if they book earlier according to the timetable set up by PO Cruises. Customers could save up to 5%~45% discounts for early booking, depending on availability, and its reward for those who book early. PO Cruises named it as pricebreakers. Besides, price differs from different cabin type and grade that customers choose. It is very easy for customers to find the price on the website or by the brochure which customers could also easily get by request online. * DRIP PO Cruises (model by Fill, 2002). PO Cruises communications have need to: Differentiates itself by it is one of the oldest cruises company which form of British to attract customers who enjoy in English style. Remind and reassure its customers by telling them that the leisure cruising business was started by PO in 1844. The step helps the company acquire trust from customers Oldest = standard = traditional (British) ? Inform the consumers by educating them that PO Cruises is the company with offering high quality but middle-low price to customers Persuade to the consumers that althouthg PO Cruises is the oldest company, it has most modern fleet of ships in the UK. Scenarios In order to know how a company created a website on line to present its own products through the internet, the company needs to define the level of commitment it wants to reach (Doren, 2000). There are 4 possible scenarios for promoting on the internet. PO Cruises is belonging to the highest level 4, because it offers on-line ordering of products and services. The product PO Cruises supplies to customer is not the tangible things that customers could touch but services and facilities on cruises. So the company tries to present its product through the website. PO Cruises uses web cam, lots of 360i panoramic tour and many of pictures on its website to interact with users. Moreover, there are images, screensavers and wallpapers of its 4 ships for customers to download. The usages of multimedia presentations also reach facilitation as a web promotion; it enables a more personal, one-on-one approach with the internet user (Doren, 2000). According to the four possible scenarios lists, PO Cruises does make a high extensive interaction with its customers through its website. The web site of PO Cruises may be high costs, but it could attract more customers order on line.

Solzhenitsyn’s Exile :: Russian European History Papers

Solzhenitsyn’s Exile missing works cited â€Å"In February 1956, the Soviet Union’s new leader, Nikita Khrushchev, initiated a period in Soviet history known as ‘The Thaw’ †¦ Millions of former political prisoners were granted amnesty, including [Aleksandr] Solzhenitsyn.† (Shattan 149) Solzhenitsyn is Russia’s most prolific writer of the 20th century was Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, a man who rose to fame through his literature. It was Khrushchev’s thaw, however, that resulted in Solzhenitsyn’s exile. Solzhenitsyn made his break in literature because of Khrushchev’s thaw. Yet as time went by, the Soviet leadership became increasingly conservative after the thaw. Initially, the conservative leadership did not know what to do with Solzhenitsyn, but after deciding to take action against Solzhenitsyn, they eventually worked towards a final solution, his deportation from Russia. Had it not been for the thaw, though, Solzhenitsyn would never have made the rise to fam e, and his deportation. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn first became active in politics during his time in Rostov University prior to World War II, during which time he became â€Å"a convinced Communist - a member of the Komsomol (Young Communist League)†¦ and the proud holder of a Stalin scholarship.† (Shattan 137) After graduating in 1941, Solzhenitsyn joined up with the Russian artillery to fight the Nazi army. During this time, he began to formulate a belief that Stalin â€Å"had betrayed Leninism and was responsible for the defeats in the first phase of the war† (Shattan 140) He communicated these ideas with a friend through letters, but was caught by censors and imprisoned. During his time in prison, which would provide the material for One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, it was discovered by Soviet authorities that Solzhenitsyn had a degree in physics. Because of this, he was transferred to a special science prison, where prisoners worked on Soviet experiments. In 1953, his term served, Solzhenitsyn was released from prison, but forced into an internal exile in southern Kazakhstan. However, in 1956 this exile was ended by the new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, who initiated â€Å"The Thaw† by releasing millions of political prisoners. Solzhenitsyn was free to write and to travel. In a society that had repressed its writers for the last 30 years, it was extremely difficult, and quite a gamble, for an author to try to publish a book, much less one that criticized one of the only two leaders the single party state had known.

Othello †Paper Assignment Essay

A desire for revenge can overcome a person and have great detrimental effects. This is especially true in the play Othello by William Shakespeare. The play takes place in a time of war between Italy and Turkey. The play begins in Venice, Italy but then shifts to the island of Cyprus for the remainder of the play. In the play, the main antagonist Iago was not chosen for a position of lieutenancy by his general, Othello. Othello had chosen a man named Cassio over Iago. Iago, being very envious of Othello and Cassio, plots a plan for revenge. Early on in the play, we find that Othello has complications in his marriage to Desdemona. Othello and Desdemona are seen as opposites in which Desdemona is an innocent, sweet, high class white woman, while Othello is a tough, ugly, and black war general. Iago, using this knowledge, begins to plot his revenge. Iago says, â€Å"I hate the Moor, and it is thought abroad that ‘twixt my sheets ‘has done my office. I know not if’t be true, but I, for mere suspicion in that kind, will do as if for surety† (Act 1, iii, 429-433). Iago, in this quote, suggests that a rumor about Othello sleeping with his wife may not be true, but he will pretend it is in order to better his plot for revenge. Iago’s first step in the plan was to endanger Othello’s relationship by telling Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, about their marriage. Othello claims he will not hide because he has nothing to be afraid of and ask Iago if he agrees. Iago says, â€Å"By Janus, I think no† (Act 1, ii, 38). Iago alludes to the Greek god Janus that supposedly had two faces. This is an example of dramatic-irony because the audience knows that Iago himself is two-faced since he pretends to be nice but in actuality is trying to get revenge; Othello is also unaware of Iago’s other motives. Iago, in his plot for revenge, often uses psychological means to manipulate people. When Brabantio is talking to Othello, he says â€Å"She has deceived her father, and may thee† (Act 1, iii, 333-334). Brabantio believed that since Desdemona was not loyal to her father, she may also deceive Othello. This is an example of foreshadowing because Othello will be lead on to believe that Desdemona is not loyal to him. Iago, later in the play, alludes to Brabantio’s warning and says, â€Å"She did deceive her father, marrying you, and when she seemed to shake and fear your looks, she loved them most† (Act 3, iii, 237-240). Iago, being very diabolical, enhances Othello’s doubts about his marriage. This doubt in Othello’s mind comes into play later in Iago’s plans for revenge. Iago shows that he will use any means to get his revenge, whether it be lying or manipulating any insecurities in others. Near the end of the play, Iago’s plan has progressed as he had planned: Othello does not trust Desdemona or Cassio, Iago had gotten Cassio fired, and Othello still has complete trust in Iago. Othello had given Desdemona a handkerchief when they had gotten married which symbolized everything holding their relationship together. Iago gets a hold of the handkerchief and plants it on Cassio. This becomes proof for Othello that Desdemona is cheating on Othello with Cassio. Othello becomes so angry he kills Desdemona. Emilia, Iago’s wife, walks in after Othello strangles Desdemona and in shock tries to explain what Iago has done to him. Iago comes in and tries to stop Emilia; he then stabs her because she wouldn’t stop. Iago’s plan had been revealed and Othello is traumatized. Othello exclaims â€Å"But why should honor outlive honesty† (Act 5, ii, 293)? Othello, trying to comprehend what he has done, questions how the reputation of being honorable could outlast honor itself. Iago, so bent on getting revenge for the sake of his reputation, had killed his very own wife. At the beginning of the play, Iago had said that he heard a rumor about Othello sleeping with his wife. He didn’t know if it was true but said he would pretend it was in order to fuel his desire and plot for revenge. Throughout the play, Iago had used any means to complete his goal. For example, Iago used psychological means to manipulate Othello into doubting his relationship with Desdemona. Iago then lied to Othello and tricked him into believing that Desdemona was having an affair with Cassio. If Emilia had not told Othello, he may not have known about Iago’s plan at all. Iago kills Emilia for telling Othello, which is ironic because Iago used the rumor about Othello and his wife to fuel his revenge. Iago’s desire for revenge became so great that when Emilia ruined his plan, he killed her. Instead of killing Iago, Othello says, â€Å"I’d have thee live, for in my sense ‘tis happiness to die† (Act 5, ii, 340-341). Iago will be kept alive and most likely tortured because killing him would be a punishment not worthy of Iago’s actions. Iago’s desire for revenge ultimately overcame him and caused many detrimental effects in his life as well as many others. In conclusion, one should never seek revenge.

Gangs in Prison Essay - 1447 Words

Introduction Prison gangs are originally formed by inmates as a way of protecting themselves from the other inmates. These gangs have turned out to be violent and thus posing a threat to security. This paper will have a look at the different gangs in prisons, their history, beliefs and missions, and the differences and similarities in these gangs. The Aryan Brotherhood The Aryan Brotherhood started in 1964 was founded by Tyler Bingham and Barry Mills who were white supremacists and Irish American bikers. It started at the San Quentin state prison. The prison group was created to protect white prisoners from the black inmates. The cause changed into revenue when the group gained power. This gang is the most violent white supremacists†¦show more content†¦This group is continuously growing both in the prison and also outside the prison. It has its dominance mostly in state prisons especially the San Quentin prison. The Black Guerrilla Family The Black Guerrilla Family was started in the year 1966 by W.L. Nolen, Lester Jackson, James Carr and other racist who were black in the San Quentin state prison in California. The founders adopted the militia structure and ideology of the Symbionese Liberation Army. The gangs were started so as to unite the black prisoners and get rid of a violent uprising. This uprising was believed to be from a racist prison administration that was white. The gang attracted thousands black American offenders, and was listed for a number of staff assaults and the murder of Marin County judge in 1970. Its territory is in California and some selected areas in the United States. It also has a paramilitary kind of structure. It has around 50,000 members. If one wants to join the gang, one has to be black and must be nominated by an existing member. They have a symbol of a dragon that is attacking a gun tower of a prison. This gang is still growing in most of the American prisons with some of its membe rs outside the confinement. The Folk Nation The Folk nation was founded in 1978, in Chicago, along with the People Nation. The Folk Nation groups include the Black Disciples, Black Gangster Disciples, the Gangster Disciples, theShow MoreRelatedPrison Gangs3155 Words   |  13 PagesPrison Gangs Prison Gangs According to (Wikipedia) a prison gang is a term used to identify any type of gang activity in prisons and correctional facilities. The difference between prison gangs and street gangs has become unclear because gang members are in and out of the prison system according to the (Street Gangs and Interventions: Innovative Problem Solving with Network Analysis, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2005). Prison gangs offer more than just simple protection forRead MorePrison Gangs2927 Words   |  12 PagesPrison Gangs Michael Dooley Aiken Tech CRJ 242.013 Prison Gangs Prison gangs are flourishing across the country. Organized, stealthy and deadly, they are reaching out from their cells to organize and control crime in Americas streets. Law enforcement personal began to systematically monitor gang activities in the 1970s. Working together, their initial attempts were to identify only gangs which had some semblance of formal structure, a constitution, bylaws, mission statement, or some identifiableRead MoreWhat Are Prison Gangs? Essay1080 Words   |  5 Pages What are Prison gangs? This is a criminal association that is formed in the penal system and operates within the prison system in the United Sates. Prison gangs identify themselves with symbols, tattoos, and calls (by yelling out a chant, phrase, or word/number). Prison gangs go decades back and are still present in the prison system. 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When people do hear about prison gangs, it’s normally from a TV show or movie which leads the watchers to perceive prison gangs based on what they’ve watched. Typica lly, motorcycle gangs and street gangs are the most commonly heard about unlike prions gangs. I believeRead More Gangs and Violence in The Prison System Essay2007 Words   |  9 PagesGangs and Violence in the Prison System Introduction Gang violence is nationwide and is one of the most prominent problems in the prison system today. Gangs are known to attempt to control the prisons/jails, instill fear within the prison system and throughout the society, and bring negative attention to the system. â€Å"Gang affiliated inmates comprise about 18 percent of the 18000 inmate population.†(Seabrook) A growing numbers of inmates and a large amount of them serving longer sentences forRead MoreEssay on Prison Gangs: Gangs and Security Threat Group Awareness2814 Words   |  12 Pagesthe major problems of corrections today is the security threat group - more commonly known as the prison gang. A security threat group (STG) can be defined as any group of offenders who pose a treat to the security and physical safety of the institution. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, prison gangs focused primarily on uniting inmates for self protection and the monopolization of illegal prison activities for monetary gain (F.B.P., 1994, p. 2). STGs are mostly divided along racial lines and

With Age, We Question Our Lives - 836 Words

Once in a while we start thinking about life and as a result it instigates us to reflect about life as we grow older. Our thinking becomes more complex and not being able to find answers leaves as in despair. We even ask questions such as â€Å"What is my purpose in life? Is it worth living with all the hardships we encounter?† Then we come along reading the works of other people who provides their own insights about life and some may make sense, some might make us angry and sometimes it makes life even more confusing. Many readers would find Camus difficult to understand especially his philosophy. Camus rejected himself as a philosopher and did not want to be grouped with existentialists such as Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, or Kafka (Payne, 1992). However, many experts say that his philosophy is a mixture of existentialist and humanism. Most of his works revolved around the philosophy of existentialism, absurdism and humanism. Camus may reject that he is a philosopher but his w orks have greatly influenced many people and caught the attention of many philosophers and experts in literature. Another factor that makes Camus’ philosophy confusing about life is that he divides his ideas in different works in a non-chronological fashion. Camus claims that the teaching of the Absurd is a definite progress. In this sense he writes in his novels of what he already developed of his philosophy as he continues develops his philosophy about absurdity. For example, Camus wrote TheShow MoreRelatedAging : A Natural And Inevitable Feat1565 Words   |  7 PagesGabrielle Cardina AGNG 200 9 October 2014 Midterm Question 1) Aging is a natural and inevitable feat that every living organism must muster. Although we accept that aging, no matter the rate, happens, some cannot do so without reason nor a formal explanation. 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Bulls On Parade Essay - 1049 Words

Every country has their own culture, and like other cultures, Spain too has its own specific culture. Part of the Spanish culture revolves around the bull. Bullfighting and bull runs by many people are recognized as the only Spanish culture in the world, and because of its importance it always begins on time. Still many people view it as a crime. Me being a foreigner I have first hand experience with different cultures. A long time ago in Indiaamp;#8217;s ritual would be to hunt and kill the Indian tiger. Over time the Indian tiger became endangered and now they have become illegal to hunt. When I saw my great great grandfathers hunting pictures he had two tiger heads. Both rituals of bullfighting and hunting tigers are an inseparable†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bullfighting is another major event and part of the Spanish culture. A bullfight amp;#8220;la corrida; is an extremely tens drama divided into three parts. First, a special parade honoring the fight ers goes through town. Then, the bull enters the ring and the bullfighter amp;#8220;matador; tests the bull for intelligence with cape passes. The fighters use daggers called picadors to weaken the bull. The second act is to enrage the bull by stabbing its shoulders with darts. Finally the last act the bullfighter duels with the bull and one of them wins (Juriz and Harlington 30). When the bull dies the moment is called amp;#8220;la hora de la verdad- the moment of the truth; (Qtd. in Spain revised 30). The bullfighting season lasts from March to October and bullfights are performed on Sundays. A major drawback to the bullfighting fans is the price of the seats. Seats are divided into three sections. The amp;#8220;sombra; shade seating places the viewer in the shade. The amp;#8220;sol; full sun seats place the viewer in direct sunlight, and the amp;#8220;sonta; seats place the viewer in partial sun (Dell 38). Lastly, an opposition group has formed called the Beloved Bulls. The group condemns bullfighting and says its animal cruelty and barbaric (Beloved Bullamp;#8217;s website). Still, with much opposition bullfighting remains Spainamp;#8217;s national sport andShow MoreRelatedTracing the Origins of Mardi Gras633 Words   |  3 Pagesfrom 1711 through 1861. The procession was held with a huge bulls head pushed alone on wheels by 16 men. Later, Rex would parade with an actual bull, draped in white and signaling the coming Lenten meat fast. This occurred on Fat Tuesday. New Orleans was established in 1718 by Bienville. By the 1730s, Mardi Gras was celebrated openly in New Orleans, but not with the parades we know today. In the early 1740s, Louisianas governor, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, established elegant society balls, whichRead MoreCruel and Inhumane Treatment of Animals1390 Words   |  6 Pagespractices of rodeos cause great concern for the welfare of animals in the entertainment industry. 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Dynamic change of Management

Question: Discuss about the Dynamic change of Management ? Answer : Introduction Dynamic changes are a characteristic of the contemporary world and this has resulted in making effective as well as efficient organization a very critical aspect of the organizations. Besides this, each organization operates in an environment which is distinct to it and thus a style of leadership or organization which is considered as appropriate in certain instances that may not be appropriate or successful in other instances which may be different. Hence, it becomes vital to conduct an assessment on the manner in which this has an impact on their structure. Therefore, it cannot be said that there is only one best way to manage as the best way of managing an organization becomes contingent on both the external as well as the internal situation of the organization. Additionally, the leaders who are effective have awareness of the fact that there is only one best way to manage and thus they make adaptations in their style in accordance development levels of the people whom they are ma naging (Witt, 2009) (Fineman et al., 2005). Contingency Approach for Managing People The aspect which has been mentioned above, has placed emphasis on the contingency approach. According to this approach, in order for the organization to achieve success, it is critical for them to adopt a structure which is suitable to the environment wherein the organization operates. Several varied forms exist for the contingency theories. Generally, they are a component of that particular class of behavior theory in accordance to which no best was exists in which a corporation or its organization structure may be organized. External environment has an influence on the organization in various manners. The vital external factors affecting the organization consists of its size along with the labour markets, competitors, costs as well as capital availability, assumptions of the management pertaining to the usage of technology, strategies and also employees and laws and policies laid down by the Government (Smith, 1984). Most of the development of contingency theories happened in the second half of the 1960s decade. They emerged primarily due to the criticism that was meted out to the classical theories like Taylors scientific management and also to Webers Bureaucracy. These theories turned out to be unsuccessful as they did not consider the fact that contingency factors or the numerous environmental factors impact both the management style as well as the organizational structure. In 1958, the work of Joan Woodward laid the foundation of the contingency approach. As per him, the companies that had achieved success in various industries were the ones that had distinct types of technologies and such companies also possessed the characteristic of having distinct organizational structures (Thompson, 2003). Several strategic managers following the classical culture had a tendency of being inflexible. They lacked the qualities which are necessary for a manager to possess for successful management of change. On the contrary, certain other managers had the capacity of dealing with the changes in a methodical as well as rational manner. This turns out to be the most crucial positive aspect regarding the utilization of contingency thinking approach. It was observed that majority of the organizations that were able to become successful had hierarchies and structures in the organization which differed from what was being advocated by classical management theorists. Variations occur in the good structures and these are dependent on the situations that exist and thus there is no one best way of managing. The theme behind the different contingency theories primarily is that organizations can be considered as systems that are open and it is required that they are managed in a careful manner so that satisfaction and balance of the internal needs is made possible and it also becomes possible to adapt to circumstances existing the its environment. No one best way is thus possible for organizing. The suitable form above all other things is dependent on the kind of environment or task that has to be dealt with by one. Hence, the management has to show concern regarding attaining good alignments and varied environments require organizations which are also varied (Morgan, 2007). Certain basic sort of contingency comprises organisations production technology, its size and also that task environment which is a part of it. The thinking of contingency approaches is totally distinct from the thinking that the old management theorists possessed. The theorists belonging to the old school were under the assumption that they had made the discovery of one best way. However, leaders who possess the requisite experience have awareness of the fact that no one best way actually exists. Put alternatively, it can be said identical treatment should not be meted out to the employees in every circumstance, situation and condition. Hence, a major suggestion made by contingency thinking is that the number of ways in which managers can make adaptations is dependent on the situations which they face (Burnes, 1996). Contingency thinking has combined the ideas in relation to the existence of uncertainty in the environment as well as the external factors impacting the work with context specific features pertaining to both leadership and decision making. As indicated by the contingency thinking theory, functions, techniques and practices of management differ with situations. Thus, assistance is provided by it in finding ways that are appropriate for management of organisations. Certain organisations for instance, may be hiring management consultants in order to identify effective ways for handling currently existing circumstances, new markets, new laws and policies, new competitors and political issues. Managerial activities have impacted the organisational activities in a number of ways. These comprise of being able to motivate the subordinates, being a source of communication and budgeting the resources that are in scarcity. In accordance with the contingency theories, a leadership of single style does not turn out to be effective in all the situations and the style of leadership is in fact contingent on the context which is organisational and situational (Jordhiem, 2013). Influential Contingency Theories As per the influential contingency theories there exists no one best way to manage. They are as follows - Burns and Stalker in their findings revealed that high differences exist between organisations that operate in stable environments and the ones that operate in dynamic environments. They were of the view that the firms approach to innovation and also change varied and this was in relation to their values as well as mission (Burns Stalker, 1994), Lawrence and Lorsch further refined the contingency theory and suggested that varying technological environments and markets need organisations of varying types and different ways can be used for managing the organisations functional department because of the variations that take place in their sub-environments. Thus, the organisations that adapts to the environment in the best way possible will be able to survive (Lawrence Lorsch, 1967). Fred Fiedlers model is the most researched along with being one of the earliest. This model is also known by the name contingency model of leadership effectiveness (Fiedler, 1964). Fiedler views are that leaders are neither effective nor ineffective. He suggests that there are just leaders performing better in certain situations however, not in every situation. Any person can become a leader by careful selection of situations that are matching with the leadership style that is possessed by him or her. Improvements can be made in the leaders effectiveness by designing a job which is a fit with the manager. For example, by bringing an increase or decrease in the position power of the leader, altering the task structure or impacting the relations between leader and members, a situation can be altered by the organisation to fit better into the style of the leader (Lorsch, 2010). Conclusion It can be concluded that the essence that the contingency theory holds is that best practices are in fact dependent on the situations. That it all depends is a typical response that is provided by a contingency theorist. Hence, this theory is also called it all depends theory. This might apparently be simple but conducting an assessment in relation to the contingencies on which the decisions depend is a task which is extremely complex. Contingency theorists are the ones who mostly identify as well as measure the conditions in which there is a likelihood of the things taking place. Considering the fact that in order to be able to achieve performance which is of superior quality, the organisations should possess an external fit along with an internal fit and also taking into account that it is not possible to separate the processes of formulation of strategy and implementation of strategy, there is a need for adopting an approach which is integrative and which possesses the ability of incorporating the two schools of thought. Thus, it can be said that there is no one best way to manage and the organisational structure and management style which are the most appropriate are dependent on the organisational context of the concerned organisation. At present it is recognised that the ability of being able to manage the change is a core organisational competence. Referance Burnes, B., 1996. No such thing as a one best way to manage organizational change. Management decision, 34(10), pp.10-18. Burns, T. Stalker, M., 1994. The Management of Innovation. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press. Fiedler, F.E., 1964. A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , 1, pp.149-90. Fineman, S., Sims, D. Gabriel, Y., 2005. Organizing and organizations. London: Sage. Jordhiem, T., 2013. There Is No Good Way to Manage People (But We Have To Try Anyway). [Online] Available at: https://www.govexec.com/excellence/promising-practices/2013/11/there-no-good-way-manage-people-we-have-try-anyway/73466/ [Accessed 17 December 2016]. Lawrence, P.R. Lorsch, J.W., 1967. Organization and Environment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Lorsch, J.W., 2010. Press Chapters. Harvard Business Review, 26 January. Morgan, G., 2007. Images of Organisation. Thousand Oaks: SAGE. Smith, M.J., 1984. Contingency rules theory, context, and compliance behaviors. Human Communication Research, 10, pp.489-512. Thompson, J.D., 2003. Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory. Witt, D., 2009. No One Best Leadership Style. [Online] Available at: https://leaderchat.org/2009/12/08/no-one-best-leadership-style/ [Accessed 17 December 2016].