Cyber Crime: Strategies and Types

Cyber Crime Strategies and TypesCyber Crime Identity TheftA. IntroductionIn this era of globalization, one of m any things that only ift joint distinguish a certain country to a developing country is its progress of science and technology. This is because along with the development of a countrys science and technology, will also developed the countrys ability to enrich their own potential.Great advances in science and technology in developed country argon due to their well-established selective information placement. Meanwhile, in the developing country, the information strategy is still minimal, which make the development of science and technology proceed blocked. Thus, whether a country will scram a developed country or not, is highly account on their mastery of information system.In prison terms wish well these, the mastery of the information system will not enough by merely mastering. We need to conquer the speed and accuracy too, because on that point is al some no point in mastering outdated information. Moreover, the very rapid progress of information makes the age of the information shorted. In other words, substitution of old and new information becomes faster. Old information will be ignored because of the more recent information.But, the development of science and technology, in which also means the development of information system, does not always be in possession of good effects. It has bad effects too. One of them is the increase rate of the data processor abomination.B. Computer CrimeComputer crime issues have got become high-profile, particularly those surrounding spark pluging, copyright infringement through w bez, electric razor pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is disordered or intercepted, rightfulnessfully or otherwise.A computer crime is any criminal action where the data on a computer is accesed without permission. This access does not have to result i n loss of data or even data modifi quations.Computer crime is often attributed to rogue hackers and crackers, but increasingly organized crime groups have realized the relative ease of stealing data with subordinate of risk.There are terce major classes of criminal activity with computer1. Unauthorized use of a computer, which might involve stealing a username and password, or might involve accessing the victims computer via the cyberspace through a backdoor operated by a Trojanhorse curriculum.Unauthorized use of computers tends generally meets the following formsComputer voyeur. The attackers read or copy confidential or propietary information, but the data is neither deleted nor changed.Changing data. Example, ever-changing a grade on a school transcript. Unauthorized changing of data is generally a fraudulent act.Deleting data. Deleting entire files could be an act of vandalism or sabotage.Denying service to authorized users.2. Creating or releasing a catty computer program (e.g., computer virus, worm, Trojanhorse).Malicious computer program are divided into these following classes1) A virus is a program that infects an executable file. aft(prenominal) infection, the executable file functions in a divers(prenominal) way than before whitethornbe only displaying a benign message on the monitor, maybe deleting round or all files on the users hard drive, or maybe altering data files.There are two key features of a computer virusThe ability to propagate by attaching itself to executable files (e.g., application programs, operating system, macros, scripts, bootsector of a hard disk or floppy disk, etc.) Running the executable file may make new copies of the virus.The virus causes handicap only after it has infected an executable file and the executable file is run.2) A worm is a program that copies itself. The distinction between a virus and a worm, is that a virus never copies itself, a virus is copied only when the infected executable file is run.In the pure, original form, a worm neither deleted nor changed files on the victims computer, the worm simply made two-fold copies of itself and sent those copies from the victims computer, thus clogging disk drives and the Internet with multiple copies of the worm. Releasing much(prenominal) a worm into the Internet will slow the legitimate traffic on the Internet, as continuously increasing amounts of traffic are mere copies of the worm.3) A Trojan Horse is a deceptively labeled program that contains at least one function that is unknown to the user and that harms the user. A Trojan Horse does not replicate, which distinguishes it from viruses and worms.Some of the more serious Trojan horses allow a hacker to remotely control the victims computer, perhaps to collect passwords and realisationcard come and send them to the hacker, or perhaps to launch denial of service attacks on websites.Some Trojan Horses are installed on a victims computer by an intruder, without any knowledge of the victim. Other Trojan Horses are downloaded (perhaps in an attachment in e-mail) and installed by the user, who intends to acquire a benefit that is quite different from the undisclosed full-strength purpose of the Trojan Horse.4) A logic bomb is a program that detonates when some event occurs. The detonated program might stop working, crash the computer, release a virus, delete data files, or any of many an(prenominal) other harmful possibilities. A sequencebomb is a part of logicbomb, in which the program detonates when the computers clock reaches some tar run short date.5) A hoax is a warning about a nonexistent malicious program.3. Crimes facilitated by computer communicates or devices, the primary signal of which is independent of the computer network or device (cyber crime)Examples of crimes that merely use computer networks or devices would include Cyber stalking burlesque and individuation theftPhishings scamsInformation warfareThe third type of Computer Crime ha s become the most famous right now, because it produce more benefits than the other two.C. Cyber CrimeThe Internet is a new frontier. Just like the Wild, Wild West, the Internet frontier is wide open to both exploitation and exploration. There are no sheriffs on the Information Superhighway. No one is there to protect you or to to lock-up virtual desperados and bandits.This lack of supervision and enforcement leaves users to watch out for themselves and for each other.A loose standard called netiquette has developed but it is still very different from the standards found in real life.Unfortunately, cyberspace remains wide open to faceless, nameless con artists that push aside carry out all sorts of mischief. And that is why the cyber crimes quite a little be as they are right now.Cyber Crime is a criminal activity done use a computers and the internet. This includes anything from downloading irregular music files to stealing one thousand millions of dollars from online strand accounts. Cyber crime also includes non-monetary offenses, such as creating and distributing viruses on other computers or posting confidential business information on the internet.Cases of cyber crime, 1970 20051970 19901. John Draper discovers the give-away whistle in Capn Crunch cereal boxes reproduces a 2600Hz tone. Draper builds a blue box that, when use with the whistle and sounded into a phone receiver, allows phreaks to make free calls2. Robert T. Morris, Jr., graduate student at Cornell University and son of a chief scientist at the NSA, launches a self-replicating worm (the Morris Worm) on the governments ARPAnet (precursor to the Internet). The worm gets out of hand and spreads to over 6000 networked computers, clogging government and university systems. Morris is dismissed from Cornell, sentenced to three years probation, and fined $10K.3. After a prolonged sting investigation, Secret Service agents swoop down on organizers and members of BBSs in 14 US cities, includin g the Legion of Doom. The arrests are aimed at cracking down on confidence-card theft and telephone and wire fraud.(1990)1991 20001. Five members of the Aum Shinri Kyo cults Ministry of Intelligence break into Mitsubishi Heavy Industrys mainframe and steal Megabytes of sensitive data. (1994)2. Hackers vary to emergence of the World Wide Web, moving all their how-to information and hacking programs from the old BBSs to new hacker Web sites.(1994)3. Russian crackers steal $10 million from Citi coast. Vladimir Levin, the ringleader, uses his work laptop after hours to transfer the funds to accounts in Finland and Israel. He is tried in the US and sentenced to 3 years in prison. All but $400K of the money is recovered. (1995)4. The French Defense Ministry admits Hackers succeeded in stealing acoustic codes for aircraft carriers and submarines. (1995)5. FBI establishes fake earnest start-up company in Seattle and lures two Russian citizens to U.S. soil on the sanctimoniousness of of fering them jobs, then arrests them. The Russians are accused of stealing credit card information, attempting to extort money from victims, and defrauding PayPal by use stolen credit cards to generate cash. (2000)2001 20051. Microsoft become victim of a new type of attack against humankind name servers, corrupting the DNS paths taking users to Microsofts Web sites. This is a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. The hack is spy within hours, but prevents millions of users from reaching Microsoft Web pages for two days. (2001)2. The Klez.H worm becomes the biggest malware outbreak in terms of machines infected, but causes little monetary damage. (2002)3. Two men hack into wireless network at Lowes store in Michigan and steal credit card information. (2003)4. Brian Salcedo sentenced to 9 years for hacking into Lowes mansion improvement stores and attempting to steal node credit card information. Prosecutors said three men tapped into the wireless network of a Lowes store and used that connection to enter the chains central computer system in NC, installing a program to capture credit card information. (2004)5. Secret Service seizes control of the Shadowcrew Web site and arrests 28 spate in 8 states and 6 countries. They are charged with conspiracy to defraud the US. Nicolas Jacobsen, is charged with hacking into a T-Mobile computer system, exposing documents the Secret Service had e-mailed to an agent. (2004)Australian ground of Criminology, 9 types of cycber crime1. Theft of telecommunication serviceThe phone phreakers of three decades ago set a precedent for what has become a major criminal industry. By gaining access to an organisations telephone switchboard (PBX) individuals or criminal organisations washstand gain access to dial-in/dial-out circuits and then make their own calls or sell call time to third parties. Offenders may gain access to the switchboard by impersonating a technician, by fraudulently obtaining an employees access code, or by using s oftware open on the internet. Some sophisticated offenders loop between PBX systems to evade detection. Additional forms of service theft include capturing business card details and on-selling calls charged to the calling card account, and counterfeiting or illicit reprogramming of stored value telephone cards.2. Communication in furtherance of criminal conspiraciesThere is evidence of tele communication theory equipment being used to facilitate organize drug trafficking, gambling, prostitution, money wash, child pornography and trade in weapons (in those jurisdictions where such activities are illegal). The use of encryption technology may place criminal communications beyond the reach of law enforcement.3. Telecommunications privacyDigital technology permits perfect reproduction and easy dissemination of print, graphics, sound, and multimedia combinations. The temptation to reproduce copyrighted genuine for personal use, for sale at a lower price, or indeed, for free distribut ion, has proven irresistable to many.4. Dissemination of offensive materialsContent considered by some to be offensive exists in abundance in cyberspace. This includes, among much else, sexually explicit materials, racist propaganda, and instructions for the fabrication of incendiary and explosive devices. Telecommunications systems can also be used for harassing, threatening or intrusive communications, from the traditional obscene telephone call to its contemporary manifestation in cyber-stalking, in which persistent messages are sent to an slow recipient.5. electronic money la undering and tax evasionWith the emergence and proliferation of various technologies of electronic commerce, one can easily envisage how traditional countermeasures against money laundering and tax evasion may soon be of limited value. I may soon be able to sell you a quantity of heroin, in return for an untraceable transfer of stored value to my smart-card, which I then download anonymously to my accoun t in a financial institution situated in an overseas jurisdiction which protects the privacy of banking clients. I can discreetly draw upon these funds as and when I may require, downloading them back to my stored value card (Wahlert 1996).6. Electronic vandalism, terrorism and extortionAs never before, western industrial society is dependent upon complex data processing and telecommunications systems. Damage to, or interference with, any of these systems can lead to catastrophic consequences. Whether motivated by curiosity or vindictiveness electronic intruders cause inconvenience at best, and have the potential for inflicting massive harm (Hundley and Anderson 1995, Schwartau 1994).While this potential has yet to be realised, a number of individuals and protest groups have hacked the official web pages of various governmental and commercial organisations (Rathmell 1997). http//www.2600.com/hacked_pages/ (visited 4 January 2000). This may also operate in reverse early in 1999 an or ganised hacking incident was apparently directed at a server which hosted the Internet domain for East Timor, which at the time was seeking its independence from Indonesia (Creed 1999).7. Sales and investment fraudAs electronic commerce becomes more prevalent, the application of digital technology to fraudulent endeavours will be that much greater. The use of the telephone for fraudulent sales pitches, deceptive charitable solicitations, or bogus investment overtures is increasingly common. profits now abounds with a wide variety of investment opportunities, from traditional securities such as stocks and bonds, to more exotic opportunities such as coconut farming, the sale and leaseback of self-regulating teller machines, and worldwide telephone lotteries (Cella and Stark 1997 837-844). Indeed, the digital age has been accompanied by unprecedented opportunities for misinformation. Fraudsters now enjoy direct access to millions of prospective victims more or less the world, instan taneously and at minimal cost.8. Illegal Interception of telecommunicationsDevelopments in telecommunications provide new opportunities for electronic eavesdropping. From activities as time-honoured as surveillance of an unfaithful spouse, to the newest forms of political and industrial espionage, telecommunications interception has increasing applications. Here again, technological developments create new vulnerabilities. The electromagnetic signals emitted by a computer may themselves be intercepted. Cables may act as overspread antennas. Existing law does not prevent the remote monitoring of computer radiation.It has been reported that the notorious American hacker Kevin Poulsen was able to gain access to law enforcement and national gage wiretap data prior to his arrest in 1991 (Littman 1997). In 1995, hackers employed by a criminal organisation attacked the communications system of the Amsterdam Police. The hackers succeeded in gaining police operational intelligence, and in disrupting police communications9. Electronic funds transfer fraudElectronic funds transfer systems have begun to proliferate, and so has the risk that such transactions may be intercepted and diverted. Valid credit card numbers can be intercepted electronically, as well as physically the digital information stored on a card can be counterfeited.Right now electronic funds transfer fraud is the most famous type of cyber crime. Every year the rate of case about electronic funds transfer fraud always increasing especially in credit card information stealing. From www.spamlaws.com they wrote about credit card stealing in 2005,Credit card fraud statistics show that about $2.8 million was lost due to credit card fraud, from fraudulent use of MasterCard and Visa alone. In total, credit card fraud costs cardholders and credit card issuers as much as $500 million a year.Identity TheftIdentity theft is really identicalness fraud. This criminal uses someone elses identity for their own illega l purposes.Examples include fraudulently obtaining credit, stealing money from the victims bank accounts, using the victims credit card number, establishing accounts with utility companies, renting an apartment, or even filing bankruptcy using the victims name. The cyberimpersonator can steal unlimited funds in the victims name without the victim even knowing about it for months, or even years.Anyone who relies heavily on credit cards, Social Security Numbers or network blogging is more susceptible to credit identity theft. Many of our modern conveniences also come with a risk and less protection. The digital age is the perfect age for the Cyber criminal to commit it. Think of the internet as a dark alley in the middle of the night. And these cyber criminals are those people hiding there waiting for the victims to make a mis riposte.Credit identity theft is a very damaging crime because it not only damages the person financially but also damages the persons reputation as well. Imagi ne someone borrowing money using your name and never telling you. You will both bear with the burden of paying back the money he borrowed and suffer the humiliation of having this blunder under your name.Identity theft has been referred to by some as the crime of the new millennium. It can be accomplished anonymously, easily, with a variety of means, and the impact upon the victim can be devastating. Identity theft is simply the theft of identity information such as a name, date of birth, Social Security number (SSN), or a credit card number. The mundane activities of a typical consumer during the course of a regular day may provide tremendous opportunities for an identity depredator purchasing gasoline, meals, clothes, or tickets to an athletic event renting a car, a video, or home-improvement tools purchasing gifts or trading stock on-line receiving mail or taking out the garbage or recycling. Any activity in which identity information is shared or made available to others create s an opportunity for identity theft.It is estimated that identity theft has become the fastest-growing financial crime in America and perhaps the fastest-growing crime of any kind in our society. The illegal use of identity information has increased exponentially in recent years. In fiscal year 1999 alone, the Social Security Administration (SSA) Office of Inspector General (OIG) Fraud Hotline received approximately 62,000 allegations involving SSN misuse. The widespread use of SSNs as identifiers has reduced their security and increased the likelihood that they will be the object of identity theft. The expansion and popularity of the Internet to effect commercial transactions has increased the opportunities to commit crimes involving identity theft. The expansion and popularity of the Internet to post official information for the benefit of citizens and customers has also increased opportunities to obtain SSNs for illegal purposes.Victims of identity theft often do not realize they have become victims until they attempt to obtain financing on a home or a vehicle. Only then, when the lender tells them that their credit history makes them ineligible for a loan, do they realize something is terribly wrong. When they review their credit report, they first become aware of credit cards for which they have never applied, bills long overdue, unfamiliar billing addresses, and inquiries from unfamiliar creditors. Even if they are able to identify the culprit, it may take months or years, tremendous emotional anguish, many lost financial opportunities, and large legal fees, to clear up their credit history.Identity theft occurs in many ways, ranging from careless sharing of personal information, to intentional theft of purses, wallets, mail, or digital information.There are some reasons why the attacker can steal the credit card information1. Unsecured networkExample1. PoisoningPoisoning technique is quiet complicated. First, the attackers need to connect to the same ne twork with the target. After that, the attackers have to get wind for the IP address of the target. The next step, the attackers should poison the target computer with ARP poisoning or with trojan horse. Then the computer target will bleed following the attackers track. The attackers will bring the target into fake shop site, and make the target unrealized that he/she has entered the credit card information.2. SniffingThis technique is unstable, why? Because its depend on the attackers luck. Just like poisoning, the attackers have to connect to the same network with the target. After that, the attackers should scan all of MAC address in the network. Next, the attackers start the sniffing program, such as Cain and Able or Wireshark. Last, the attackers should wait until someone in the network open a shop site and enter the information of the credit card.2. Vulnerabilities on the siteExample1. SQL InjectionWith this vulnerability the attacker can enter admin panel without knowing th e username and password. They just need to enter a right sentence structure as username and password to enter the admin panel. If they are already in admin panel they can see the complete information of the vendee.2. Blind SQL InjectionBlind SQL injectant is the most favorite vulnerability for the attackers. The attackers will only need the web browser to do this technique. First, the attackers have to found a right page to be injected with some syntax. After that the attackers should drop all database table, and looking for user table or admin table. If there is user table the attackers can drop the column and the attackers could get the full data of the user, included the credit card information. But, if user table doesnt exist, the attackers should use the admin table. The attackers should drop the admin column and search for the admin password. After the attackers cracks the admins username and password, the attackers could go to the admin panel and look for the information o f the buyer.3. Order logOrder log is an old vulnerability, but theres still websites that have this vulnerability. With this vulnerability the attackers only need to use search engine and look for the order log. If the order log has already founded the attacker will open it, and suddenly get full information about the buyer.4. Admin DirectoryThis vulnerability makes visitant of the site be able to open admin directory freely. So, the attacker could use this chance to see the database. Order database is always in the database. In the order database, the data of the buyer will be saved completely, including credit card information.3. Human errorExampleSocial Engineering or Human ManipulatingAttacker could use security weakness which is human. Why? Because human is easy to be manipulated. First, the attackers could request the target to do something unimportant, and then set a trap for the target. Attackers will manipulate the target to follow the attackers scheme. Then, if the target has already been trapped, the attacker could make the target gives the complete information about the credit card.There are several ways that can be done to avoid the potential victims from identity theft The potential victims should request a complete credit report every once a year and check it closely.When get unwanted pre-approved credit card offers, shred them up before tossing them.When in public, do not recite social security number outloud to a bank teller or store cashier.Use a secure mailbox that locks.When asked to give mothers maiden name as a code access, use another key word instead.Change the personal acknowledgement numbers on accounts regularly.Pick up and keep printed receipts at bank machines or gas pumps.Even if have been victimized, there are still things that can be done Before calling the police, contact bank or credit card company and freeze the account. The reason for this is twofold first, it will help minimize monetary loss, and two, most banks and credi tors have a time period in which the notification still valid and can be used to protect the victims.Then call the police department. It does not matter if the identification is being used in the victims city or halfway across the world because the police are required by federal law to take the report.After making police reports, the victim could contact any of national credit bureaus and put a fraud alert on their account.While relations with the credit bureau, the victim should get a current copy of their credit report. And read it carefully.Then, the victims can contact their insurance company and ask for compensation. At least one insurance company has developed an insurance policy to help deal with identity theft.REFERENCESAnonymous. Computer Crime Definition. cited from http//www.mariosalexandrou.com/definition/ computer-crime.asp 21 November 2009Anonymous. Cybercrime. cited from http//www.techterms.com/definition/cybercrime 21 November 2009Australian Institute of Criminology . Nine Types of Cybercrime. cited from http//www.crime.hku.hk/ cybercrime.htm 21 November 2009Hoar SB. Identity Theft The Crime of The New Millennium. cited from http//www.cybercrime.gov/ usamarch2001_3.htm 5 December 2009Karnow CEA. Cybercrime. cited from http//www.davislogic.com/cybercrime.htm 5 December 2009Herries S. Overcoming Identity Theft What to Do After You Have Been Comprimised. cited from http//www.associatedcontent.com/article/272448/overcoming_identity_theft_what_to_do_pg2.html?cat=17 5 December 2009

History of Liberalism in Western Europe

History of Liberalism in Western EuropeLiberalism originated in Western Europe during the struggle against absolutism and spiritual domination of the Catholic Church (16-18 cc.). The ideology of liberalism was founded by representatives of the moderate locomote of the European Enlightenment. Economists Physiocrats machinateulated popular slogan laissez faire, laissez passer (in French do non disturb function), expressing the idea of laissez-faire and which in the 19th century was one of the basic principles of classical liberalism. Social environment that fed the ideology of liberalism in the 18-19 centuries was mainly the bourgeoisie. More radical wing of liberalism associated with democracy, has play an important role in the American and French revolutions. How eventider, in the late 18th century. there has been a conflict between liberalism and radical democracy (Rousseau, and subsequent the Jacobins). During the Restoration in France B. Constant, F. Guizot and other(a) firs t character of liberalism gave more or less formalized political tenet based on certain historical and philosophical background. For the political doctrine of European liberalism of the first half of the 19th century. typical preference ideas of individual freedom was the idea of democracy and natureal monarchy the republic. Later, with the refinement of suffrage, the differences between liberalism and democracy smoothed. In the late 19th century. Early 20th century. in relation to socio-economic changes, the growth of the labor movement, and so on. n., liberalism survived the crisis and was forced to give up some of the basic principles of their doctrine, including the principle of laissez faire.Liberalism in each country had the characteristic features due to its historical identity.In France during the Restoration liberalism took the form of a certain doctrine, versus how feudal reaction and democracy .The fall of Napoleon and his regime, the return to the throne of the Bou rbons did not stop one of the class struggle that unfolded in France since 1789 for the approval of the countrys new, capitalist relations. magnanimousness continued to defend feudal beginning, though she was forced to go on the establishment of a ingrained monarchy, the recognition of the major economic, political and legal gains of the revolution. industrial and commercial bourgeoisie struggled against the restoration of the old order, class privileges, protected individual freedom and equality of all before the law. Anti-feudal ideology of the French bourgeoisie in the first half of the XIX century was expressed by many political thinkers, among which were B. Constant and A. de Tocqueville.Most of the work on policy, the authorities of the State of gum benzoin Constant (1767-1830), which researchers believe was even the spiritual father of liberalism in Europe, was written in the period between 1810-1820 years. (The course of constitutional politics).The ancient Greeks and Rom ans had the possibility of every citizen to participate directly in the affairs of democracy. However, the freedom that was common in antiquity, was combined with an almost complete subordination of the individual public authorities and left hand very little space for the manifestation of individual autonomy.Constant was sure people being free, are adequate to independently and intelligently implement themselves in life. They are able through their individual efforts and without the influence of any transpersonal forces to secure a decent life. Guided by these ideas, Constant seriously corrects Rousseau thesis on the necessity of the omnipotence of popular s everywhereeignty. Its borders must end where begins the independence of the individual and private life. The presence of such a framework makes the deterrence power and control over it in the cornerstone of the political and institutional structure of society. Constants political ideal were never passive and low-power state.T he newfangled state is to be in shape, as thought Constant, a constitutional monarchy. In the face of the constitutional monarch of the political comm unity becomes neutral power. She beyond the three classic of governing (legislative, executive, judicial), independently of them, and therefore is able (and obliged) to ensure their unity, cooperation, normal activity. The King is quite interested in the accompaniment that no power is intended to subvert the other, scarcely rather that they mutually support each other and act in unison and harmony.Tocquevilles political image has developed in a fair level under the influence of Constant, the views of another prominent liberal French Pierre Royer-Collard. Important role in its formation has played a prominent historian Francois Guizot.The subject of his greatest interest amounted to abstractive and practical aspects of democracy, in which he saw the most significant phenomenon era. body politic is interpreted broadly. It repr esents for him a social system, which is polar to the feudal and knows no boundaries (birth or prescribed by the customs) between the upper and lower classes of society. The core of democracy the principle of equality, inevitably jubilate in history.Tocqueville believed that the triumph of equality is not an absolute guarantee of freedom of accession. In other words, universal equality, taken by itself, does not automatically lead to the establishment of a political system that firmly protects the autonomy of the individual, excludes arbitrariness and neglects the right of the authorities.Freedom and equality, according to Tocqueville, are the phenomenon of different order. The relationship between them is ambiguous. And the peoples attitude to them, is different too. At all times, says Tocqueville, people prefer equality freedom.Neither equality nor freedom, taken separately, are self-sufficient conditions for a truly human existence. Just being together, in unity, they find suc h quality. Tocqueville Democracy outstanding theoretician and simultaneously consistent liberal deeply comprehended the truth that liberalism has to go towards democracy. This in the era of green goddess yield on the socio-political scene, in the era of the cult of equality saved supreme liberal values freedom.Ideas and idealism are still relevant in France. Ideologue of modern liberalism was sociologist Raymond Aron. And also operates a number of parties with a liberal platform. For example, the New Centre party (fr. Nouveau Centre), or the European Social Liberal fellowship (fr. Le Parti social libral europen, PSLE) French centrist political party, sticking social liberal position. The new center was created by former members of the Union for French Democracy in 2007, not included in the organized Francois Bayrou egalitarian Movement. Leader Herv Morin, Minister of Defense and former leader of the Union for French Democracy in the topic Assembly.In Germany, liberalism was closely associated with the desire for national unity. Liberal Movement on German soil began in the early decades of the XIX century. On the eve of the revolution of 1848-1849. in Germany it reached a considerable height. Both in terms of scope and organization, as well as in terms of ideological and theoretical maturity. Early German liberalism one that originated and approved in the pre- radical period was primarily a constitutional movement. In the framework of developing and offering a mutation of desirable model for the German states of political and legal order. They sought social support in the bourgeois middle layers. But to a large effect they are expected to use common sense and monarchs, who will be able to heed the dictates of time and become spokesmen for particular interests, as guardians of the common pricey.German liberalism of the first half of XIX century was represented by Frederick Dahlman, Robert von Mohl, Carl and Carl Welcker Rottek, Julius Frobel and ot hers. Their views and activities appreciably affect the political and intellectual climate of the time in Germany gained fame as the Pan-European in the first place riddled with liberal ideas work Lorenz Stein.Lorenz Stein (1815-1890) belongs to a series of fundamental studies on the society, the state, law, management. Liberalism Stein clearly expressed in the fact that at the heart of its socio-political doctrine, he raised the question of the individual, his rights, his property. The main motive that drives the individual, is seen by Stein in the quest for self-realization, the essence of which extraction, processing, manufacturing, and increase the benefits. Every good produced by a person, belongs to her, identified with her and because becoming as untouchable as herself. This immunity is entitled to benefits. United through to the right person at the same(p) inviolable whole benefit of a property.A man cannot be engaged in productive activities alone, being isolated from othe r people. It entirely depends on them and therefore is forced to live with their own kind, to interact, cooperate with them. Thus arises the problem of Stein human community, society. He paints a society where human being is a fundamental contradiction on the one hand, an irresistible desire for complete domination over the external world (over the material and spiritual wealth), on the other a very modest capabilities of a particular individual as a separate limited in their potencies being.The starting point is a unit of any society, in Stein, the division of property. Owners of the latter, owners and people working, always linked in a special way with each other. The law of social life is inherently permanent and immutable order, depending who does not own, from those who own. The existence of these two classes cannot be resolved and overcomed.Steins views on society and the state, and their ratio under the obvious influence of the respective ideas of Hegel. The concept of socie ty Stein appears as a separate and in their own personalized social education. From the simple amorphous set of individuals it distinguishes the existence of such an consolidation factor as a constant-round dependence of people from each other. Feature of society is also something that everyone in it is guided only by its own will. In view of these circumstances in the society, according to Stein, there is no ground for freedom Hence his categorical conclusion the principle on which society rests un free. The highest form of society is the state, which at the same time has a different organization and different goals than the society. It establishes the organic unity of a variety of individual wills and actions of people forming the society. association and the state (because they are based on diametrically opposed principles) confront each other and are constantly at each other influence. And the community is committed to construct the state in his own image and likeness, and th e state and to create their own social system pleases Him. This, which are under control of spontaneous, ungoverned elements of society and between social classes to maintain a balance. Towering over the society, the state must remain master of his and mentor.His main role is to be able to fulfill, the conviction of Stein, when the executive power in the state will be true and reliable to serve the legislative authority. This subordination a guarantee of diversity simply state to state legal and bail them preserve this quality. Stein a supporter of law, in which the right of management is based on the constitution and there are legal distinction between laws and regulations. Optimal form of legal state Stein sees a constitutional monarchy.In a constitutional monarchy, in which the executive and to faithfully serve the legislative authority, the central figure of the monarch ought to be, since he could not prevent the prevalence of particular interests in society. only if the m onarch to provide dominance in society common to all people of interest. Together with its officials monarch should stand alone against the will and the natural tendencies of the feeling classes of the lower elevation, first socially and politically subordinate class. Stein expects constant progress in raising the status of education and lower strata of the population, to achieve a higher level of productivity of their labor, a higher level of consumption, the higher life opportunities.Steins ideas regarding the state of the social reforms in favor of the workers to mitigate their material and cultural conditions, caused a backlash from supporters of the revolutionary way of satisfying the interests of the proletarian masses.Liberal ideas have not lost their electorate in Germany. Free representative Party (FDP) is one of them. This is a liberal party in Germany, founded December 11, 1948 Member of the FDP was the first German President Theodor Heuss.In 1859 he founded the German National Association, in 1861 she collapsed on the German Progressive Party and the National Liberal Party.In 1880, of the National Liberal Party split off its left wing formed the Liberal Union, in 1894, GLP and the Liberal Union merged forming the German Freethinkers party, but in 1893 it broke on Freethinkers Peoples Party, and free union, but in 1911 they teamed up with German Peoples Party, founded in 1868, in the Progressive Peoples Party, and in 1918 after the merger with some left-wing member of the National Liberal Party, it was renamed in the German Democratic party, in 1930 it merged with Mladogermanskim Order in the German state party, part GFC members formed the Radical-democratic Party.In 1918, the National Liberal Party after the merger with the leftist members of the Free Conservative Party was renamed the German Peoples Party.One of the biggest parties of Germany, the third largest (after the SPD and CDU / CSU) party of the country adopted a liberal policy reducin g taxes, reducing state influence on economic policy, the promotion of large and small businesses. Economic FDP motto So much of the state, as necessary, but as little as possible. The main support is among the entrepreneurs and managers of large companies. afterward appearing in the political arena Green Party FDP role as kingmaker significantly decreased. New elections in 1998 won a coalition of the SPD / Green led by Gerhard Schroder, remained in power until 2005, when Gerhard Schroder announced early parliamentary elections. In the elections of 2005, the FDP has shown excellent results in 11 per cent in fact, the FDP was the only one of the four leading parties, which showed growth in the number of votes. However, this victory was a Pyrrhic one because of the fact that the assort of the FDP, the CDU / CSU led by Angela Merkel scored significantly fewer votes than expected, the coalition of the CDU / CSU / FDP not typed in the amount of 50% plus one vote needed to forming a go vernment. After lengthy negotiations with the SPD CDU / CSU coalition with the FDP terminated and formed a government of so-called grand coalition, the CDU / CSU / SPD.In federal elections in 2009 the FDP received 14.6% of votes and 93 parliamentary seats 0 single-seat constituencies and 93 on the party list. The party enjoys less support in the territory of the former GDR.The main difference between the new doctrine began to redefine the role of the individual and the state in society. Social Liberals believed that the freedom of individuals should not carry unlimited nature, individuals must coordinate their actions with other members of society and their actions should not cause them harm. Expand the functions of the state in society, which was to take care of its citizens, provide them with equal rights to education, health care.Both liberal and humanistic doctrines were reformist Liberals rejected the revolutionary way of transforming society were supporters of gradual progres sive reforms. A number of liberal ideas was borrowed by conservatives and socialists. In contrast to the liberal parties who are experiencing some difficulties in modern history, the liberal doctrine is an important component of modern political culture.

Otto von Bismarck :: AP European History, The History of Europe

When Otto von von Bismarck was recalled from Paris to become Minister-President of Prussia in 1862, German nationalism was already more than 40 years old. First apparent in the resistivity to Napoleons occupation of the German states, national feeling grew into a movement after 1815. This feeling was encouraged by a growth of liaison in German literature and music and by increased economic cooperation between the north German states. By 1848 it was strong enough to make the excogitation of a fall in Germany one of the main demands of the revolutionaries. Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian patriot who inherited the traditions of love of king, army and country from his family. Bismarck believed that Germany should be united under Prussian leadership and that Austria should have nothing to do with Germany. Bismarck was chosen as chancellor by the Prussian king as he had a proven record as a monarchist and had little time for liberal and excessive parlia mentary ideas. Bismarck helped his long term intention to unite Germany and to be the ruler by getting in a strong position with the king. The king owned Bismarck a favour as Bismarck had solved the kings constitutional crisis. Bismarck played a crucial part in the unification of Germany as he helped to set up the Northern German Confederation after defeating Austria in the second of three wars. The first war was a bit weird as Bismarcks last was to get Austria out of Germany but it was the start of a long plan, he teamed up with Austria and together they quickly defeated the Danish. The duchies of Holstein were to be controlled by Austria and the duchies of Schleswig were to be controlled by Prussia. This was to be a major decision to let Austria control Holstein. Bismarck overcame the barrier that was the threat of Austria. Bismarck was very clever in the way that he provoked war with Austria he complained that Austria was not running Holstein p roperly. The German confederation backed Austria so Bismarck had what he wanted an excuse

Conservation of Biodiversity in Cambodia Essay -- Biodiversity Cambodi

Assessment of Conservation of Biodiversity in Cambodia 1. Introduction Conservation of Biodiversity in Cambodia has been crowd momentum in the past few years in response to international conservation efforts and increased land degradation and loss (Conservation global 2004). International monetary institutions such as the World Bank and transnational NGOs such as Conservation International have been influential in changing timberry order in Cambodia (Reuters 2002). However, the slaying of these laws and practices are not always as successfully carried out or adhered to on a local level (Reuters 2002). The flaws in implementation may eventually lead to the degradation of the biodiversity in question. The corrupt nature of the Cambodian government and the dependency of growing populations on the resource extraction of these areas to gear their incomes work together to prevent sustainable conservation efforts.The Central Cardamom Mountain region is the major focus of current conser vation efforts and provides a delineation of contemporary environmental policy and practice in Cambodia. The Cardamom region is part of the Indo-Burma hot spot (Environment News Service 2002). The Cardamom region and the 2 wildlife refuges that border it collectively make up one million hectares of contiguous forest (Conservation International 2004). The area was previously protected by the Khmer Rouge who employ it as a refuge until the end of their civilian war in the early 1990s (McCarthy 2002). They used devices such as landmines and boobytraps to exclude others from entering (McCarthy 2002). After the civil war ended, an onslaught of hunters, fishers and loggers forced the government along with international agencies ... ...xp/CIWEB/regions/asia_pacific/cambodia/cambodia.xml. Updated May, 2004 accessed 4/15/04.Downie, S. 1997. Reversing the tides. UNESCO sources. Issue 93. Le Billon, P. 2002. Logging in muddy waters- the politics of forest exploitation in Cambodia. Critica l Asian Studies 34563-586.McCarthy, T. 2002. Let them run wild. Time Europe 160.Pleumarom, A. 2002. Destruction in disguise international tourism projects in the Mekong River Basin are a model of unsustainable development. Alternatives J 2832.Thyl De Lopez, T. 2003. Economics and stakeholders of Ream National Park, Cambodia. Ecological Economics 46269-282.Update on the World Banks amour in Forestry in Cambodia. Online. World Bank.Availablehttp//siteresources.worldbank.org /INTCAMBODIA /News%20and%20Events/20193833/Forestry+Update.pdf. Updated December 18, 2003 accessed 4/15/04.

Why is Dracula such a great horror story? Essay -- English Literature

Why is Dracula such a great annoyance story?In my opinion Dracula is a great horror story because it is highlyentertaining in its idea of vampirism, its atmospheric descriptions,powerful characterisation and the horrific death of Lucy. The novel isalso interesting because of the religious perspectives, such as theuse of garlic, holy water and the crucifix as weapons against evil.Jonathan Harkers journeying to Count Draculas home is described ingreat detail. The atmosphere not still adds to the dangerous ride toDraculas Castle, but also comes alive as were reading it. Theatmosphere surrounding Harker is incredibly frightening but the detailand descriptions used ar so astounding that we can feel the strangechills. I felt like I was sitting beside Jonathan Harker. I sharedhis fear.Harker is travelling in a Caleche, a small, open, knight drawn carriagewhich is obviously dangerous. It adds suspense to the story, whichmakes the contributor automatically think something terrible is g oing tooccur. The long, agonized wailing of the dogs seem to go on forever.As the journey takes longer it becomes more fearsome. Harker feelslonely. Harkers driver is a strange, mysterious character, with hisgleaming smile as he steers the Caleche without revealing his faceto Harker, or talking much. At this point the reader is thrilled andexcited, feeling like a character in the story.The historical detail of the journey is also what makes this novelbrilliant. Harker is actually uncomfortable, caught my arm in a grip ofsteel. I didnt realise how dangerous and uncomfortable the Calecheswere back a hundred years ago until I read Harkers account of hisjourney. As the horses began to strain and... ...hough to move up out what people used to believe in.Stoker has used imaginative and gruesome details, which interested mea lot. I think this novel is wonderful in the main because of Lucys deathand how her fianc killed her. It shows how much Arthur loved Lucy. Hekilled her vampire form and bought back Lucys soul so it could go toheaven. This dreadful part of the story is brilliant. I frame itheartbreaking but I was amazed at Arthurs strong character.I think the novel was fascinating but it dragged and became boring inplaces. The journey to Transylvania, for example, was very welldescribed and extremely spooky. However, this section could beshortened to maintain tension. I also think some of the charactersdiary entries could have been more pore on moving the story forwardrather than offering lots of information, which we didnt really need.

Parties in Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research pape

Gatsbys house serves as a key symbol of aspiration, reflecting both Gatsbys success as an American self-made man and the mirage of an individuation he has created to win Daisys love. Gatsby follows his American dream as he buys the house to be across the bay from Daisy, and has parties to gain wide-spread recognition in order to touch on her. In the beginning of the novel, Fitzgerald sets the scene describing how the party was prep atomic number 18d and when the entertainment arrived. At these parties, an extreme amount of preparation went into the food. According to the account of Nick Carra instruction, Jays neighbor, the caterers rolled come to the fore numbers of tables with load upon load of e precise variety of food imaginable. Each table was delicately stacked with all different and exotic types of foods. Few of the guests sleep together the host or are even invited at all. This chapter builds on the idea that thither is some matter not only mysterious, but sinister, ab verboten Gatsby. As Nick makes his right smart to the party he sees A whole pit full of oboes and trombones and saxophones and viols and cornets? Fitzgerald uses polysyndeton, the repetition of conjunctions. He chooses a technique to put emphases on how important Gatsby?s parties are to others, like Nick, who?s pretended by Gatsby?s turn outs but mostly e veryone shows up to make a agnizen appearance to put their name out in other industries of businesses. Cars are lined up five deep in the drive and everyone has on extravagant attire to impress one another. If there are masses of bulk trying to find a parking space just to get into the party, this shows that Gatsby is a well-known person and that he is very generous when it comes to public events. It also drew communitys attention to come a check out what was going o... ...re stable.? This concludes that even though most women were intoxicated, it seems as if they did it on purpose to get more attention from themselve s. While the married women weaving to and fro, the other women would look for their husbands to possibly find a new mate to get them through their hard times as well. Everyone at this party was corrupt and if you looked deep enough into their personal lives, you could see it was no intimacy but hollowness. The only thing that mattered to them was their appearance and how they can achieve their own American dream by climbing the social latter. This passage also relates to recklessness, ignorance and greed. All of these qualities represented to fake people who showed up to party jus to be seen. All in all, Fitzgerald gave a wonderful description on how Gatsby?s party scene affected him and others around him. Parties in Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papeGatsbys house serves as a key symbol of aspiration, reflecting both Gatsbys success as an American self-made man and the mirage of an identity operator he has created to win Daisys love. Gat sby follows his American dream as he buys the house to be across the bay from Daisy, and has parties to gain wide-spread recognition in order to impress her. In the beginning of the novel, Fitzgerald sets the scene describing how the party was prepared and when the entertainment arrived. At these parties, an extreme amount of preparation went into the food. According to the account of Nick Carraway, Jays neighbor, the caterers rolled out numbers of tables with load upon load of every variety of food imaginable. Each table was delicately stacked with all different and exotic types of foods. Few of the guests know the host or are even invited at all. This chapter builds on the idea that there is something not only mysterious, but sinister, about Gatsby. As Nick makes his way to the party he sees A whole pit full of oboes and trombones and saxophones and viols and cornets? Fitzgerald uses polysyndeton, the repetition of conjunctions. He chooses a technique to put emphases on how imp ortant Gatsby?s parties are to others, like Nick, who?s impressed by Gatsby?s turnouts but mostly everyone shows up to make a known appearance to put their name out in other industries of businesses. Cars are lined up five deep in the drive and everyone has on extravagant attire to impress one another. If there are masses of people trying to find a parking space just to get into the party, this shows that Gatsby is a well-known person and that he is very generous when it comes to public events. It also drew peoples attention to come a check out what was going o... ...re stable.? This concludes that even though most women were intoxicated, it seems as if they did it on purpose to get more attention from themselves. While the married women weaving to and fro, the other women would look for their husbands to possibly find a new mate to stick up them through their hard times as well. Everyone at this party was corrupt and if you looked deep enough into their personal lives, you could see it was nothing but hollowness. The only thing that mattered to them was their appearance and how they can achieve their own American dream by climbing the social latter. This passage also relates to recklessness, ignorance and greed. All of these qualities represented to fake people who showed up to party jus to be seen. All in all, Fitzgerald gave a wonderful description on how Gatsby?s party scene affected him and others around him.

On Wartime and Postwar Commemoration :: essays research papers fc

Commemorating the actions of those who served in WorldWar I took many forms in its attempt to ease the sufferingand losses inflicted by the state of war. The creation of memorialsserved several purposes and with time, the meaningsassociated with them changed, as did the purposes withwhich they served. Support groups were formed to aidthose in need whose lives became radically changed by thewar, and in an effort to commemorate their service.Without aleving the pain completely, commemorationserved to ease the tremendous burden of guilt, sorrow, andresponsibility to those whose lives were now changedforever.World War I memorials generally roughshod into three separatecategories based upon the time of their creation. The firsttype of memorials were those which were created in theyears preceding 1918. These memorials scattered thelandscape and were created and developed at thecommunity level. The hard-on of commemorativememorials to the war served as a unifying symbol of thecommunity spirit and as a centerpiece with which to rallyaround. They also served as a physical statement againstthose who may offer dissenting opinions as to thecommunities involvement in the war effort. The moral highground was thus established in the symbolism of a unitedeffort. They also served to support the communitys braveyoung men who were off fighting gallantly for the securityand preservation of its ideals and in vegetable marrow the communityitself. Local memorials also served to inspire and motivatethose who labored in industry dedicated to the war effort.It created a sense of purpose and a recognition that whatthey were working for had a larger meaning and purpose.Local war memorials also served asrallying points for the enlistment of soldiers. The statuesquesoldier brazenly dashing to war was accompanied withlistings of locals who had enlisted. This inspired evengreater enlistment while creating a public record of scorn tothose who chose to ignore their "duty." As the war continued ancient a glorious moment and quickvictory, the memorials took on more of a role of a museum.The collection of combat memorabilia increased.Photographs, books, and art describing the war continued.Descriptions of the weapons of war and the port ofwarfare that was taking place on the front lines wasrequested, however in order to preserve the dignity of thewar, a good deal of censorship was practiced. Accounts ofthe barbarism were circulating back to the homefront throughletters and personal accounts of those who had returned.Government regulation of the memorials however,determined that in order to maintain support for the warand to quell ambition to the countries war efforts, the